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TI-2014-04371 Aliases CVE-2014-5355GHSA-cmh6-3x5j-qf2g

MIT Kerberos 5 (aka krb5) through 1.13.1 incorrectly expects that a krb5_read_message…

Priority LOW 30Published · Updated

Key facts

Attack vector
Network
Privileges required
None
User interaction
— Not recorded in CVSS 2.0
Attack complexity
Low
Impact type
—
Confidentiality · integrity · availability
None · None · Partial
Fix status
Partial Red Hat: 12 fixed, 1 without a fix

Attack profile from CVSS 2.0 · NVD. Fix status from CNA and Red Hat.

Summary

MIT Kerberos 5 (aka krb5) through 1.13.1 incorrectly expects that a krb5_read_message data field is represented as a string ending with a '\0' character, which allows remote attackers to (1) cause a denial of service (NULL pointer dereference) via a zero-byte version string or (2) cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) by omitting the '\0' character, related to appl/user_user/server.c and lib/krb5/krb/recvauth.c.

Why it matters now

EPSS 0.04587 91st percentileScored 2026-11-07
Fix Partial Red Hat: 2 advisoriesRed Hat: 12 fixed, 1 without a fix

SSVC decision points

Not available: CISA has not published SSVC decision points for this record.

Affected products

VendorProductAffected versionsFixed inStatusSource
——all versions—No fix listedCNA
  • — Vendor— Affected all versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA

CPE configurations NVD · 60

CPEVersionsRoleVendor
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.1Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.2Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.2.1Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.2.2Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.2.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.2.3Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.2.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.2.4Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.2.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.2.5Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.2.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.2.6Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.2.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.2.7Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.2.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.2.8Vulnerablemoos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.1 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.2 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.2.1 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.2.2 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.2.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.2.3 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.2.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.2.4 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.2.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.2.5 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.2.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.2.6 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.2.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.2.7 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.2.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.2.8 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
Show 50 more CPE
CPEVersionsRoleVendor
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.3Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.3:alpha1:*:*:*:*:*:*1.3 alpha1Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.3.1Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.3.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.3.2Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.3.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.3.3Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.3.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.3.4Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.3.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.3.5Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.3.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.3.6Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.4Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.4.1Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.4.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.4.2Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.4.3Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.4.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.4.4Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.5Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.5.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.5.1Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.5.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.5.2Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.5.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.5.3Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.6Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.6.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.6.1Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.6.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.6.2Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.7Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.7.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.7.1Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.8Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.8.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.8.1Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.8.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.8.2Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.8.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.8.3Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.8.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.8.4Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.8.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.8.5Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.8.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.8.6Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.9Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.9.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.9.1Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.9.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.9.2Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.9.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.9.3Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.9.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.9.4Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.10Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.10.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.10.1Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.10.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.10.2Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.10.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.10.3Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.10.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.10.4Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.11Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.11.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.11.1Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.11.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.11.2Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.11.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.11.3Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.11.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.11.4Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.11.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.11.5Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.12Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.12.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.12.1Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.12.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.12.2Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.13Vulnerablemoos-ivp
cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.13.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.13.1Vulnerablemoos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.3 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.3:alpha1:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.3 alpha1 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.3.1 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.3.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.3.2 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.3.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.3.3 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.3.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.3.4 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.3.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.3.5 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.3.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.3.6 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.4 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.4.1 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.4.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.4.2 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.4.3 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.4.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.4.4 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.5 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.5.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.5.1 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.5.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.5.2 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.5.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.5.3 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.6.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.1 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.6.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.2 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.7 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.7.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.7.1 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.8 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.8.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.8.1 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.8.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.8.2 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.8.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.8.3 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.8.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.8.4 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.8.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.8.5 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.8.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.8.6 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.9 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.9.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.9.1 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.9.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.9.2 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.9.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.9.3 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.9.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.9.4 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.10 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.10.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.10.1 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.10.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.10.2 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.10.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.10.3 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.10.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.10.4 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.11 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.11.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.11.1 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.11.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.11.2 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.11.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.11.3 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.11.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.11.4 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.11.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.11.5 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.12 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.12.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.12.1 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.12.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.12.2 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.13 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp
  • cpe:2.3:a:mit:kerberos_5:1.13.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.13.1 Vulnerable ·moos-ivp

Remediation

Red Hat 2 advisories

  • RHSA-2015:2154 Released 2015-11-19 · Red Hat rating Moderate
    krb5 security, bug fix, and enhancement update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Client (v. 7) krb5-1.13.2-10.el7, krb5-libs-1.13.2-10.el7, krb5-pkinit-1.13.2-10.el7 +1
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Client Optional (v. 7) krb5-devel-1.13.2-10.el7, krb5-server-1.13.2-10.el7, krb5-server-ldap-1.13.2-10.el7
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux ComputeNode (v. 7) krb5-1.13.2-10.el7, krb5-libs-1.13.2-10.el7, krb5-pkinit-1.13.2-10.el7 +1
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux ComputeNode Optional (v. 7) krb5-devel-1.13.2-10.el7, krb5-server-1.13.2-10.el7, krb5-server-ldap-1.13.2-10.el7
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7) krb5-1.13.2-10.el7, krb5-devel-1.13.2-10.el7, krb5-devel-1.13.2-10.el7.ppc +6
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7) krb5-1.13.2-10.el7, krb5-devel-1.13.2-10.el7, krb5-libs-1.13.2-10.el7 +4
  • RHSA-2015:0794 Released 2015-04-09 · Red Hat rating Moderate
    krb5 security update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop (v. 6) krb5-1.10.3-37.el6_6, krb5-libs-1.10.3-37.el6_6, krb5-pkinit-openssl-1.10.3-37.el6_6 +1
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop Optional (v. 6) krb5-devel-1.10.3-37.el6_6, krb5-server-1.10.3-37.el6_6, krb5-server-ldap-1.10.3-37.el6_6
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux HPC Node (v. 6) krb5-1.10.3-37.el6_6, krb5-libs-1.10.3-37.el6_6, krb5-pkinit-openssl-1.10.3-37.el6_6 +1
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux HPC Node Optional (v. 6) krb5-devel-1.10.3-37.el6_6, krb5-server-1.10.3-37.el6_6, krb5-server-ldap-1.10.3-37.el6_6
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 6) krb5-1.10.3-37.el6_6, krb5-devel-1.10.3-37.el6_6, krb5-devel-1.10.3-37.el6_6.ppc +7
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 6) krb5-1.10.3-37.el6_6, krb5-devel-1.10.3-37.el6_6, krb5-libs-1.10.3-37.el6_6 +4

Vendor assessments

Red Hat

Red Hat rating: Moderate. Red Hat's page for this CVE →

ProductStatusPlan or fix
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5AffectedNo fix planned: Will not fix
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Client (v. 7)Fixed RHSA-2015:2154
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Client Optional (v. 7)Fixed RHSA-2015:2154
Red Hat Enterprise Linux ComputeNode (v. 7)Fixed RHSA-2015:2154
Red Hat Enterprise Linux ComputeNode Optional (v. 7)Fixed RHSA-2015:2154
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop (v. 6)Fixed RHSA-2015:0794
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop Optional (v. 6)Fixed RHSA-2015:0794
Red Hat Enterprise Linux HPC Node (v. 6)Fixed RHSA-2015:0794
Red Hat Enterprise Linux HPC Node Optional (v. 6)Fixed RHSA-2015:0794
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 6)Fixed RHSA-2015:0794
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7)Fixed RHSA-2015:2154
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 6)Fixed RHSA-2015:0794
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7)Fixed RHSA-2015:2154
Not affected: 2 products
  • Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 6
  • Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Web Server 2

Timeline

  1. 2026-10-02 Threatist record created from CVE-2014-5355
  2. 2026-10-03 Alias added: GHSA-cmh6-3x5j-qf2g

References

Advisory 5

Other 4

  • TI-2024-17421 Kerberos 5 (aka krb5) 1.21.2 contains a memory leak vulnerability in /krb5/src/lib/gssapi/krb5/k5sealv3.c. CVSS 3.1HIGH 7.5
  • TI-2001-00539 Buffer overflow in BSD-based telnetd telnet daemon on various operating systems allows… CVSS 2.0HIGH 10.0
  • TI-2026-29130 NULL pointer dereference in moos-ivp Kerberos 5 CVSS 3.1HIGH 7.5
  • TI-2007-00929 The telnet daemon (telnetd) in MIT krb5 before 1.6.1 allows remote attackers to bypass… CVSS 2.0HIGH 10.0
  • TI-2011-00268 The process_chpw_request function in schpw.c in the password-changing functionality in… CVSS 2.0HIGH 10.0
  • TI-2001-00245 Buffer overflows in BSD-based FTP servers allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary… CVSS 2.0HIGH 10.0
See all 138 →

Sources

This product uses the NVD API but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD. Sources and licences