The REXML parser in Ruby 1.9.x before 1.9.3-p550, 2.0.x before 2.0.0-p594, and 2.1.x…
Priority LOW 31Published · Updated
Key facts
- Attack vector
- Network
- Privileges required
- None
- User interaction
- — Not recorded in CVSS 2.0
- Attack complexity
- Low
- Impact type
- —
- Confidentiality · integrity · availability
- None · None · Partial
- Fix status
- Partial Red Hat: 24 fixed, 8 without a fix
Attack profile from CVSS 2.0 · NVD. Fix status from CNA and Red Hat.
Summary
The REXML parser in Ruby 1.9.x before 1.9.3-p550, 2.0.x before 2.0.0-p594, and 2.1.x before 2.1.4 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory consumption) via a crafted XML document, aka an XML Entity Expansion (XEE) attack.
Why it matters now
EPSS 0.05645 93rd percentileScored 2026-11-07
Public exploit Yes 1 exploit referenceTagged by NVD
Fix Partial Red Hat: 7 advisoriesRed Hat: 24 fixed, 8 without a fix
SSVC decision points
Not available: CISA has not published SSVC decision points for this record.
Affected products
| Vendor | Product | Affected versions | Fixed in | Status | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | — | all versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
- — Vendor— Affected all versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
CPE configurations NVD · 31
| CPE | Versions | Role | Vendor |
|---|---|---|---|
| cpe:2.3:o:opensuse:opensuse:12.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 12.3 | Vulnerable | openSUSE |
| cpe:2.3:o:opensuse:opensuse:13.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 13.1 | Vulnerable | openSUSE |
| cpe:2.3:o:canonical:ubuntu_linux:12.04:-:lts:*:*:*:*:* | 12.04 | Vulnerable | Canonical |
| cpe:2.3:o:canonical:ubuntu_linux:14.04:*:*:*:lts:*:*:* | 14.04 | Vulnerable | Canonical |
| cpe:2.3:o:canonical:ubuntu_linux:14.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 14.10 | Vulnerable | Canonical |
| cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:*:p550:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.9.3 | Vulnerable | ruby |
| cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.9.3 | Vulnerable | ruby |
| cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:p0:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.9.3 p0 | Vulnerable | ruby |
| cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:p125:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.9.3 p125 | Vulnerable | ruby |
| cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:p194:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.9.3 p194 | Vulnerable | ruby |
- cpe:2.3:o:opensuse:opensuse:12.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 12.3 Vulnerable ·openSUSE
- cpe:2.3:o:opensuse:opensuse:13.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 13.1 Vulnerable ·openSUSE
- cpe:2.3:o:canonical:ubuntu_linux:12.04:-:lts:*:*:*:*:* Versions 12.04 Vulnerable ·Canonical
- cpe:2.3:o:canonical:ubuntu_linux:14.04:*:*:*:lts:*:*:* Versions 14.04 Vulnerable ·Canonical
- cpe:2.3:o:canonical:ubuntu_linux:14.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 14.10 Vulnerable ·Canonical
- cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:*:p550:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.9.3 Vulnerable ·ruby
- cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.9.3 Vulnerable ·ruby
- cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:p0:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.9.3 p0 Vulnerable ·ruby
- cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:p125:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.9.3 p125 Vulnerable ·ruby
- cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:p194:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.9.3 p194 Vulnerable ·ruby
Show 21 more CPE
| CPE | Versions | Role | Vendor |
|---|---|---|---|
| cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:p286:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.9.3 p286 | Vulnerable | ruby |
| cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:p383:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.9.3 p383 | Vulnerable | ruby |
| cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:p385:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.9.3 p385 | Vulnerable | ruby |
| cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:p392:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.9.3 p392 | Vulnerable | ruby |
| cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:p426:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.9.3 p426 | Vulnerable | ruby |
| cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:p429:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.9.3 p429 | Vulnerable | ruby |
| cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:p448:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.9.3 p448 | Vulnerable | ruby |
| cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:p545:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.9.3 p545 | Vulnerable | ruby |
| cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:p547:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.9.3 p547 | Vulnerable | ruby |
| cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:2.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 2.0.0 | Vulnerable | ruby |
| cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:2.0.0:p0:*:*:*:*:*:* | 2.0.0 p0 | Vulnerable | ruby |
| cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:2.0.0:p195:*:*:*:*:*:* | 2.0.0 p195 | Vulnerable | ruby |
| cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:2.0.0:p247:*:*:*:*:*:* | 2.0.0 p247 | Vulnerable | ruby |
| cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:2.0.0:p451:*:*:*:*:*:* | 2.0.0 p451 | Vulnerable | ruby |
| cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:2.0.0:p481:*:*:*:*:*:* | 2.0.0 p481 | Vulnerable | ruby |
| cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:2.0.0:p576:*:*:*:*:*:* | 2.0.0 p576 | Vulnerable | ruby |
| cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:2.1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 2.1.1 | Vulnerable | ruby |
| cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:2.1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 2.1.2 | Vulnerable | ruby |
| cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:2.1.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 2.1.3 | Vulnerable | ruby |
| cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 6.0 | Vulnerable | Red Hat |
| cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 7.0 | Vulnerable | Red Hat |
- cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:p286:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.9.3 p286 Vulnerable ·ruby
- cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:p383:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.9.3 p383 Vulnerable ·ruby
- cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:p385:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.9.3 p385 Vulnerable ·ruby
- cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:p392:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.9.3 p392 Vulnerable ·ruby
- cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:p426:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.9.3 p426 Vulnerable ·ruby
- cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:p429:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.9.3 p429 Vulnerable ·ruby
- cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:p448:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.9.3 p448 Vulnerable ·ruby
- cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:p545:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.9.3 p545 Vulnerable ·ruby
- cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:1.9.3:p547:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.9.3 p547 Vulnerable ·ruby
- cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:2.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 2.0.0 Vulnerable ·ruby
- cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:2.0.0:p0:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 2.0.0 p0 Vulnerable ·ruby
- cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:2.0.0:p195:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 2.0.0 p195 Vulnerable ·ruby
- cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:2.0.0:p247:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 2.0.0 p247 Vulnerable ·ruby
- cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:2.0.0:p451:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 2.0.0 p451 Vulnerable ·ruby
- cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:2.0.0:p481:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 2.0.0 p481 Vulnerable ·ruby
- cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:2.0.0:p576:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 2.0.0 p576 Vulnerable ·ruby
- cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:2.1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 2.1.1 Vulnerable ·ruby
- cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:2.1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 2.1.2 Vulnerable ·ruby
- cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:ruby:2.1.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 2.1.3 Vulnerable ·ruby
- cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 6.0 Vulnerable ·Red Hat
- cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 7.0 Vulnerable ·Red Hat
Remediation
Red Hat 7 advisories
- RHSA-2026:8838 Released 2026-04-17 · Red Hat rating ModerateRed Hat Hardened Images RPMs bug fix and enhancement update
- Red Hat Hardened Images ruby4.0-4.0.0-33.3.hum1@aarch64, ruby4.0-4.0.0-33.3.hum1@src, ruby4.0-4.0.0-33.3.hum1@x86_64 +10
- RHSA-2026:7307 Released 2026-04-09 · Red Hat rating ModerateRed Hat Hardened Images RPMs bug fix and enhancement update
- Red Hat Hardened Images ruby3.4-3.4.8-31.1.hum1@aarch64, ruby3.4-3.4.8-31.1.hum1@src, ruby3.4-3.4.8-31.1.hum1@x86_64 +10
- RHSA-2026:7305 Released 2026-04-09 · Red Hat rating ModerateRed Hat Hardened Images RPMs bug fix and enhancement update
- Red Hat Hardened Images ruby3.3-3.3.10-23.1.hum1@aarch64, ruby3.3-3.3.10-23.1.hum1@src, ruby3.3-3.3.10-23.1.hum1@x86_64 +10
Show 4 more Red Hat advisories
- RHSA-2014:1912 Released 2014-11-26 · Red Hat rating Moderateruby security update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Client (v. 7) ruby-2.0.0.353-22.el7_0, ruby-irb-2.0.0.353-22.el7_0, ruby-libs-2.0.0.353-22.el7_0 +6
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Client Optional (v. 7) ruby-devel-2.0.0.353-22.el7_0, ruby-doc-2.0.0.353-22.el7_0, ruby-tcltk-2.0.0.353-22.el7_0 +3
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux ComputeNode (v. 7) ruby-2.0.0.353-22.el7_0, ruby-irb-2.0.0.353-22.el7_0, ruby-libs-2.0.0.353-22.el7_0 +6
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux ComputeNode Optional (v. 7) ruby-devel-2.0.0.353-22.el7_0, ruby-doc-2.0.0.353-22.el7_0, ruby-tcltk-2.0.0.353-22.el7_0 +3
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7) ruby-2.0.0.353-22.el7_0, ruby-irb-2.0.0.353-22.el7_0, ruby-libs-2.0.0.353-22.el7_0 +7
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional (v. 7) ruby-devel-2.0.0.353-22.el7_0, ruby-doc-2.0.0.353-22.el7_0, ruby-tcltk-2.0.0.353-22.el7_0 +3
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7) ruby-2.0.0.353-22.el7_0, ruby-irb-2.0.0.353-22.el7_0, ruby-libs-2.0.0.353-22.el7_0 +6
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation Optional (v. 7) ruby-devel-2.0.0.353-22.el7_0, ruby-doc-2.0.0.353-22.el7_0, ruby-tcltk-2.0.0.353-22.el7_0 +3
- RHSA-2014:1913 Released 2014-11-26 · Red Hat rating Moderateruby193-ruby security update
- Red Hat Software Collections 1 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 6) ruby193-ruby-1.9.3.484-50.el6, ruby193-ruby-devel-1.9.3.484-50.el6, ruby193-ruby-doc-1.9.3.484-50.el6 +11
- Red Hat Software Collections 1 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7) ruby193-ruby-1.9.3.484-50.el7, ruby193-ruby-devel-1.9.3.484-50.el7, ruby193-ruby-doc-1.9.3.484-50.el7 +11
- Red Hat Software Collections 1 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 6.4) ruby193-ruby-1.9.3.484-50.el6, ruby193-ruby-devel-1.9.3.484-50.el6, ruby193-ruby-doc-1.9.3.484-50.el6 +11
- Red Hat Software Collections 1 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 6.5) ruby193-ruby-1.9.3.484-50.el6, ruby193-ruby-devel-1.9.3.484-50.el6, ruby193-ruby-doc-1.9.3.484-50.el6 +11
- Red Hat Software Collections 1 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 6.6) ruby193-ruby-1.9.3.484-50.el6, ruby193-ruby-devel-1.9.3.484-50.el6, ruby193-ruby-doc-1.9.3.484-50.el6 +11
- Red Hat Software Collections 1 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 6) ruby193-ruby-1.9.3.484-50.el6, ruby193-ruby-devel-1.9.3.484-50.el6, ruby193-ruby-doc-1.9.3.484-50.el6 +11
- Red Hat Software Collections 1 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7) ruby193-ruby-1.9.3.484-50.el7, ruby193-ruby-devel-1.9.3.484-50.el7, ruby193-ruby-doc-1.9.3.484-50.el7 +11
- RHSA-2014:1914 Released 2014-11-26 · Red Hat rating Moderateruby200-ruby security update
- Red Hat Software Collections 1 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 6) ruby200-ruby-2.0.0.353-24.el6, ruby200-ruby-devel-2.0.0.353-24.el6, ruby200-ruby-doc-2.0.0.353-24.el6 +12
- Red Hat Software Collections 1 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7) ruby200-ruby-2.0.0.353-24.el7, ruby200-ruby-devel-2.0.0.353-24.el7, ruby200-ruby-doc-2.0.0.353-24.el7 +12
- Red Hat Software Collections 1 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 6.4) ruby200-ruby-2.0.0.353-24.el6, ruby200-ruby-devel-2.0.0.353-24.el6, ruby200-ruby-doc-2.0.0.353-24.el6 +12
- Red Hat Software Collections 1 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 6.5) ruby200-ruby-2.0.0.353-24.el6, ruby200-ruby-devel-2.0.0.353-24.el6, ruby200-ruby-doc-2.0.0.353-24.el6 +12
- Red Hat Software Collections 1 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 6.6) ruby200-ruby-2.0.0.353-24.el6, ruby200-ruby-devel-2.0.0.353-24.el6, ruby200-ruby-doc-2.0.0.353-24.el6 +12
- Red Hat Software Collections 1 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 6) ruby200-ruby-2.0.0.353-24.el6, ruby200-ruby-devel-2.0.0.353-24.el6, ruby200-ruby-doc-2.0.0.353-24.el6 +12
- Red Hat Software Collections 1 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7) ruby200-ruby-2.0.0.353-24.el7, ruby200-ruby-devel-2.0.0.353-24.el7, ruby200-ruby-doc-2.0.0.353-24.el7 +12
- RHSA-2014:1911 Released 2014-11-26 · Red Hat rating Moderateruby security update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop (v. 6) ruby-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6, ruby-devel-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6, ruby-irb-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6 +2
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop Optional (v. 6) ruby-docs-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6, ruby-ri-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6, ruby-static-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6 +1
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux HPC Node (v. 6) ruby-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6, ruby-devel-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6, ruby-irb-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6 +2
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux HPC Node Optional (v. 6) ruby-docs-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6, ruby-ri-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6, ruby-static-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6 +1
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 6) ruby-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6, ruby-devel-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6, ruby-devel-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6.ppc +4
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional (v. 6) ruby-docs-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6, ruby-ri-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6, ruby-static-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6 +1
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 6) ruby-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6, ruby-devel-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6, ruby-irb-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6 +2
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation Optional (v. 6) ruby-docs-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6, ruby-ri-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6, ruby-static-1.8.7.374-3.el6_6 +1
Vendor assessments
Red Hat
Red Hat rating: Moderate. Red Hat's page for this CVE →
| Product | Status | Plan or fix |
|---|---|---|
| CloudForms Management Engine 5 | Affected | No fix planned: Will not fix |
| OpenShift Enterprise 1 | Affected | No fix planned: Will not fix |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 | Affected | No fix planned: Will not fix |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 | Affected | No fix planned: Will not fix |
| Red Hat JBoss SOA Platform 4 | Affected | No fix planned: Will not fix |
| Red Hat JBoss SOA Platform 5 | Affected | No fix planned: Will not fix |
| Red Hat OpenStack Platform 4 | Affected | No fix planned: Will not fix |
| Red Hat Subscription Asset Manager | Affected | No fix planned: Will not fix |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Client (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2014:1912 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Client Optional (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2014:1912 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux ComputeNode (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2014:1912 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux ComputeNode Optional (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2014:1912 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2014:1911 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop Optional (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2014:1911 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux HPC Node (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2014:1911 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux HPC Node Optional (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2014:1911 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2014:1911 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2014:1912 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2014:1911 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2014:1912 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2014:1911 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2014:1912 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation Optional (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2014:1911 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation Optional (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2014:1912 |
| Red Hat Hardened Images | Fixed | RHSA-2026:7305, RHSA-2026:7307, RHSA-2026:8838 |
| Red Hat Software Collections 1 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2014:1913, RHSA-2014:1914 |
| Red Hat Software Collections 1 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2014:1913, RHSA-2014:1914 |
| Red Hat Software Collections 1 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 6.4) | Fixed | RHSA-2014:1913, RHSA-2014:1914 |
| Red Hat Software Collections 1 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 6.5) | Fixed | RHSA-2014:1913, RHSA-2014:1914 |
| Red Hat Software Collections 1 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 6.6) | Fixed | RHSA-2014:1913, RHSA-2014:1914 |
| Red Hat Software Collections 1 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2014:1913, RHSA-2014:1914 |
| Red Hat Software Collections 1 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2014:1913, RHSA-2014:1914 |
Not affected: 2 products
- Red Hat Hardened Images
- Red Hat Satellite 6
Timeline
- 2026-10-02 Threatist record created from CVE-2014-8080
- 2026-10-03 Alias added: GHSA-ggvr-v7qh-jwjh
- 2026-11-02 Affected versions changed · Red Hat
References
Advisory 12
Sources
- CVE-2014-8080 · CVE Program
- CVE-2014-8080 · NVD
- FIRST EPSS
- GHSA-ggvr-v7qh-jwjh · GitHub Advisory Database · CC BY 4.0
- CVE-2014-8080 · Red Hat security data · CC BY 4.0
This product uses the NVD API but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD. Sources and licences