The (1) mod_dav_svn and (2) svnserve servers in Subversion 1.6.0 through 1.7.19 and 1.8.0…
Priority LOW 37CWE-399Published · Updated
Key facts
- Attack vector
- Network
- Privileges required
- None
- User interaction
- — Not recorded in CVSS 2.0
- Attack complexity
- Low
- Impact type
- Denial of service
- Confidentiality · integrity · availability
- None · None · Partial
- Fix status
- Partial Red Hat: 12 fixed, 1 without a fix
Attack profile from CVSS 2.0 · NVD. Fix status from CNA and Red Hat. Impact type from CWE-399 and the CVSS impact.
Summary
The (1) mod_dav_svn and (2) svnserve servers in Subversion 1.6.0 through 1.7.19 and 1.8.0 through 1.8.11 allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (assertion failure and abort) via crafted parameter combinations related to dynamically evaluated revision numbers.
Why it matters now
EPSS 0.12754 96th percentileScored 2026-11-07
Fix Partial Red Hat: 2 advisoriesRed Hat: 12 fixed, 1 without a fix
SSVC decision points
Not available: CISA has not published SSVC decision points for this record.
Affected products
| Vendor | Product | Affected versions | Fixed in | Status | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | — | all versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
- — Vendor— Affected all versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
CPE configurations NVD · 64
| CPE | Versions | Role | Vendor |
|---|---|---|---|
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.6.0 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.6.1 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.6.2 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.6.3 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.6.4 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.6.5 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.6.6 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.6.7 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.6.8 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.6.9 | Vulnerable | Apache |
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.0 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.1 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.2 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.3 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.4 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.5 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.6 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.7 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.8 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.9 Vulnerable ·Apache
Show 54 more CPE
| CPE | Versions | Role | Vendor |
|---|---|---|---|
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.6.10 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.6.11 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.6.12 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.6.13 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.6.14 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.6.15 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.6.16 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.17:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.6.17 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.18:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.6.18 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.19:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.6.19 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.20:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.6.20 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.21:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.6.21 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.23:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.6.23 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.7.0 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.7.1 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.7.2 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.7.3 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.7.4 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.7.5 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.7.6 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.7.7 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.7.8 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.7.9 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.7.10 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.7.11 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.7.12 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.7.13 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.7.14 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.7.15 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.7.16 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.17:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.7.17 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.18:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.7.18 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.19:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.7.19 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.8.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.8.0 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.8.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.8.1 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.8.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.8.2 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.8.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.8.3 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.8.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.8.4 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.8.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.8.5 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.8.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.8.6 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.8.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.8.7 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.8.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.8.8 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.8.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.8.9 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.8.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.8.10 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.8.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.8.11 | Vulnerable | Apache |
| cpe:2.3:o:opensuse:opensuse:13.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 13.1 | Vulnerable | openSUSE |
| cpe:2.3:o:opensuse:opensuse:13.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 13.2 | Vulnerable | openSUSE |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:xcode:7.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 7.0 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux_desktop:6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 6.0 | Vulnerable | Red Hat |
| cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux_hpc_node:6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 6 | Vulnerable | Red Hat |
| cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux_server:6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 6.0 | Vulnerable | Red Hat |
| cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux_server_eus:6.7.z:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 6.7.z | Vulnerable | Red Hat |
| cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux_workstation:6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 6.0 | Vulnerable | Red Hat |
| cpe:2.3:o:oracle:solaris:11.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 11.3 | Vulnerable | Oracle |
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.10 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.11 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.12 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.13 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.14 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.15 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.16 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.17:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.17 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.18:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.18 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.19:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.19 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.20:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.20 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.21:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.21 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.6.23:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.6.23 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.7.0 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.7.1 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.7.2 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.7.3 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.7.4 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.7.5 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.7.6 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.7.7 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.7.8 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.7.9 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.7.10 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.7.11 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.7.12 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.7.13 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.7.14 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.7.15 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.7.16 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.17:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.7.17 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.18:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.7.18 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.7.19:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.7.19 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.8.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.8.0 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.8.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.8.1 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.8.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.8.2 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.8.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.8.3 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.8.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.8.4 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.8.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.8.5 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.8.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.8.6 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.8.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.8.7 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.8.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.8.8 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.8.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.8.9 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.8.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.8.10 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:a:apache:subversion:1.8.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.8.11 Vulnerable ·Apache
- cpe:2.3:o:opensuse:opensuse:13.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 13.1 Vulnerable ·openSUSE
- cpe:2.3:o:opensuse:opensuse:13.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 13.2 Vulnerable ·openSUSE
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:xcode:7.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 7.0 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux_desktop:6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 6.0 Vulnerable ·Red Hat
- cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux_hpc_node:6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 6 Vulnerable ·Red Hat
- cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux_server:6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 6.0 Vulnerable ·Red Hat
- cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux_server_eus:6.7.z:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 6.7.z Vulnerable ·Red Hat
- cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux_workstation:6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 6.0 Vulnerable ·Red Hat
- cpe:2.3:o:oracle:solaris:11.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 11.3 Vulnerable ·Oracle
Remediation
Red Hat 2 advisories
- RHSA-2015:1742 Released 2015-09-08 · Red Hat rating Moderatesubversion security update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Client Optional (v. 7) mod_dav_svn-1.7.14-7.el7_1.1, subversion-1.7.14-7.el7_1.1, subversion-devel-1.7.14-7.el7_1.1 +8
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux ComputeNode Optional (v. 7) mod_dav_svn-1.7.14-7.el7_1.1, subversion-1.7.14-7.el7_1.1, subversion-devel-1.7.14-7.el7_1.1 +8
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7) mod_dav_svn-1.7.14-7.ael7b_1.1, mod_dav_svn-1.7.14-7.el7_1.1, subversion-1.7.14-7.ael7b_1.1 +4
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional (v. 7) subversion-1.7.14-7.el7_1.1, subversion-1.7.14-7.el7_1.1.ppc, subversion-devel-1.7.14-7.ael7b_1.1 +21
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7) mod_dav_svn-1.7.14-7.el7_1.1, subversion-1.7.14-7.el7_1.1, subversion-libs-1.7.14-7.el7_1.1
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation Optional (v. 7) subversion-1.7.14-7.el7_1.1, subversion-devel-1.7.14-7.el7_1.1, subversion-gnome-1.7.14-7.el7_1.1 +6
- RHSA-2015:1633 Released 2015-08-17 · Red Hat rating Moderatesubversion security update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop Optional (v. 6) mod_dav_svn-1.6.11-15.el6_7, subversion-1.6.11-15.el6_7, subversion-devel-1.6.11-15.el6_7 +6
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux HPC Node Optional (v. 6) mod_dav_svn-1.6.11-15.el6_7, subversion-1.6.11-15.el6_7, subversion-devel-1.6.11-15.el6_7 +6
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 6) mod_dav_svn-1.6.11-15.el6_7, subversion-1.6.11-15.el6_7, subversion-1.6.11-15.el6_7.ppc +1
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional (v. 6) subversion-devel-1.6.11-15.el6_7, subversion-devel-1.6.11-15.el6_7.ppc, subversion-gnome-1.6.11-15.el6_7 +10
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 6) mod_dav_svn-1.6.11-15.el6_7, subversion-1.6.11-15.el6_7, subversion-javahl-1.6.11-15.el6_7
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation Optional (v. 6) subversion-devel-1.6.11-15.el6_7, subversion-gnome-1.6.11-15.el6_7, subversion-kde-1.6.11-15.el6_7 +3
Vendor assessments
Red Hat
Red Hat rating: Moderate. Red Hat's page for this CVE →
| Product | Status | Plan or fix |
|---|---|---|
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 | Affected | No fix planned: Will not fix |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Client Optional (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2015:1742 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux ComputeNode Optional (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2015:1742 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop Optional (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2015:1633 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux HPC Node Optional (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2015:1633 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2015:1633 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2015:1742 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2015:1633 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2015:1742 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2015:1633 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2015:1742 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation Optional (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2015:1633 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation Optional (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2015:1742 |
Timeline
- 2026-10-02 Threatist record created from CVE-2015-0248
- 2026-10-03 Alias added: GHSA-8pfv-rvrh-7fhw
References
Advisory 11
Sources
- CVE-2015-0248 · CVE Program
- CVE-2015-0248 · NVD
- FIRST EPSS
- GHSA-8pfv-rvrh-7fhw · GitHub Advisory Database · CC BY 4.0
- CVE-2015-0248 · Red Hat security data · CC BY 4.0
This product uses the NVD API but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD. Sources and licences