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TI-2016-03462 Aliases CVE-2016-4073GHSA-3fjc-9f6x-jrfx

Multiple integer overflows in the mbfl_strcut function in…

Priority MEDIUM 52CWE-119Published · Updated

Key facts

Attack vector
Network
Privileges required
None
User interaction
None
Attack complexity
Low
Impact type
Code execution
Confidentiality · integrity · availability
High · High · High
Fix status
Partial Red Hat: 7 fixed, 4 without a fix

Attack profile from CVSS 3.0 · NVD. Fix status from CNA and Red Hat. Impact type from CWE-119 and the CVSS impact.

Summary

Multiple integer overflows in the mbfl_strcut function in ext/mbstring/libmbfl/mbfl/mbfilter.c in PHP before 5.5.34, 5.6.x before 5.6.20, and 7.x before 7.0.5 allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via a crafted mb_strcut call.

Why it matters now

EPSS 0.07092 94th percentileScored 2026-11-07
Public exploit Yes 1 exploit referenceTagged by NVD
Fix Partial Red Hat: 1 advisoryRed Hat: 7 fixed, 4 without a fix

SSVC decision points

Not available: CISA has not published SSVC decision points for this record.

Affected products

VendorProductAffected versionsFixed inStatusSource
——all versions—No fix listedCNA
  • — Vendor— Affected all versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA

CPE configurations NVD · 76

CPEVersionsRoleVendor
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.0VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:alpha1:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.0 alpha1VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:alpha2:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.0 alpha2VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:alpha3:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.0 alpha3VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:alpha4:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.0 alpha4VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:alpha5:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.0 alpha5VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:alpha6:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.0 alpha6VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:beta1:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.0 beta1VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:beta2:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.0 beta2VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:beta3:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.0 beta3VulnerablePHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.0 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:alpha1:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.0 alpha1 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:alpha2:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.0 alpha2 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:alpha3:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.0 alpha3 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:alpha4:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.0 alpha4 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:alpha5:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.0 alpha5 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:alpha6:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.0 alpha6 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:beta1:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.0 beta1 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:beta2:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.0 beta2 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:beta3:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.0 beta3 Vulnerable ·PHP
Show 66 more CPE
CPEVersionsRoleVendor
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:beta4:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.0 beta4VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.0 rc1VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.0 rc2VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.1VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.2VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.3VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.4VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.5VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.6VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.7VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.8VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.9VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.10VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.11VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.12VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.13VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.14VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.18:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.18VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.19:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.19VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.20:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.20VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.21:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.21VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.22:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.22VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.23:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.23VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.24:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.24VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.25:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.25VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.26:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.26VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.27:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.27VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.29:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.29VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.30:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.30VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.32:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.32VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.33:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.5.33VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.0VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.0:alpha1:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.0 alpha1VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.0:alpha2:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.0 alpha2VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.0:alpha3:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.0 alpha3VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.0:alpha4:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.0 alpha4VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.0:alpha5:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.0 alpha5VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.0:beta1:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.0 beta1VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.0:beta2:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.0 beta2VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.0:beta3:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.0 beta3VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.0:beta4:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.0 beta4VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.1VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.2VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.3VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.4VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.5VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.6VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.7VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.8VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.9VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.10VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.11VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.12VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.13VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.14VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.15VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.16VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.17:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.17VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.18:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.18VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.19:*:*:*:*:*:*:*5.6.19VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:7.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*7.0.0VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:7.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*7.0.1VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:7.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*7.0.2VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:7.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*7.0.3VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:a:php:php:7.0.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*7.0.4VulnerablePHP
cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*up to 10.11.3VulnerableApple
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:beta4:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.0 beta4 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.0 rc1 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.0 rc2 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.1 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.2 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.3 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.4 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.5 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.6 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.7 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.8 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.9 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.10 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.11 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.12 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.13 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.14 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.18:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.18 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.19:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.19 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.20:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.20 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.21:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.21 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.22:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.22 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.23:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.23 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.24:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.24 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.25:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.25 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.26:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.26 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.27:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.27 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.29:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.29 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.30:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.30 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.32:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.32 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.5.33:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.33 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.0 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.0:alpha1:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.0 alpha1 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.0:alpha2:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.0 alpha2 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.0:alpha3:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.0 alpha3 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.0:alpha4:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.0 alpha4 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.0:alpha5:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.0 alpha5 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.0:beta1:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.0 beta1 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.0:beta2:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.0 beta2 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.0:beta3:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.0 beta3 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.0:beta4:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.0 beta4 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.1 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.2 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.3 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.4 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.5 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.6 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.7 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.8 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.9 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.10 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.11 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.12 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.13 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.14 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.15 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.16 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.17:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.17 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.18:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.18 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.6.19:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.6.19 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:7.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 7.0.0 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:7.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 7.0.1 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:7.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 7.0.2 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:7.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 7.0.3 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:a:php:php:7.0.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 7.0.4 Vulnerable ·PHP
  • cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 10.11.3 Vulnerable ·Apple

Remediation

Red Hat 1 advisory

  • RHSA-2016:2750 Released 2016-11-15 · Red Hat rating Moderate
    rh-php56 security, bug fix, and enhancement update
    • Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 6) rh-php56-2.3-1.el6, rh-php56-php-5.6.25-1.el6, rh-php56-php-bcmath-5.6.25-1.el6 +30
    • Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7) rh-php56-2.3-1.el7, rh-php56-php-5.6.25-1.el7, rh-php56-php-bcmath-5.6.25-1.el7 +28
    • Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 6.7) rh-php56-2.3-1.el6, rh-php56-php-5.6.25-1.el6, rh-php56-php-bcmath-5.6.25-1.el6 +30
    • Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.2) rh-php56-2.3-1.el7, rh-php56-php-5.6.25-1.el7, rh-php56-php-bcmath-5.6.25-1.el7 +28
    • Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.3) rh-php56-2.3-1.el7, rh-php56-php-5.6.25-1.el7, rh-php56-php-bcmath-5.6.25-1.el7 +28
    • Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 6) rh-php56-2.3-1.el6, rh-php56-php-5.6.25-1.el6, rh-php56-php-bcmath-5.6.25-1.el6 +30
    • Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7) rh-php56-2.3-1.el7, rh-php56-php-5.6.25-1.el7, rh-php56-php-bcmath-5.6.25-1.el7 +28

Vendor assessments

Red Hat

Red Hat rating: Moderate. Red Hat's page for this CVE →

ProductStatusPlan or fix
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5AffectedNo fix planned: Will not fix
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6AffectedNo fix planned: Will not fix
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7AffectedNo fix planned: Will not fix
Red Hat Software CollectionsAffectedNo fix planned: Will not fix
Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 6)Fixed RHSA-2016:2750
Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7)Fixed RHSA-2016:2750
Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 6.7)Fixed RHSA-2016:2750
Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.2)Fixed RHSA-2016:2750
Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.3)Fixed RHSA-2016:2750
Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 6)Fixed RHSA-2016:2750
Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7)Fixed RHSA-2016:2750

Timeline

  1. 2026-10-02 Threatist record created from CVE-2016-4073
  2. 2026-10-03 Alias added: GHSA-3fjc-9f6x-jrfx

References

Exploit 1

Advisory 9

Other 7

Sources

This product uses the NVD API but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD. Sources and licences