Race condition in Oracle MySQL before 5.5.52, 5.6.x before 5.6.33, 5.7.x before 5.7.15…
Key facts
- Attack vector
- Local
- Privileges required
- Low
- User interaction
- None
- Attack complexity
- High
- Impact type
- —
- Confidentiality · integrity · availability
- High · High · High
- Fix status
- Partial Red Hat: 25 fixed, 10 without a fix
Attack profile from CVSS 3.0 · NVD. Fix status from CNA and Red Hat.
Summary
Race condition in Oracle MySQL before 5.5.52, 5.6.x before 5.6.33, 5.7.x before 5.7.15, and 8.x before 8.0.1; MariaDB before 5.5.52, 10.0.x before 10.0.28, and 10.1.x before 10.1.18; Percona Server before 5.5.51-38.2, 5.6.x before 5.6.32-78-1, and 5.7.x before 5.7.14-8; and Percona XtraDB Cluster before 5.5.41-37.0, 5.6.x before 5.6.32-25.17, and 5.7.x before 5.7.14-26.17 allows local users with certain permissions to gain privileges by leveraging use of my_copystat by REPAIR TABLE to repair a MyISAM table.
Why it matters now
SSVC decision points
Not available: CISA has not published SSVC decision points for this record.
Affected products
| Vendor | Product | Affected versions | Fixed in | Status | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | — | all versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
- — Vendor— Affected all versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
CPE configurations NVD · 5
| CPE | Versions | Role | Vendor |
|---|---|---|---|
| cpe:2.3:a:oracle:mysql:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 5.5.0 – 5.5.52; 5.6.0 – 5.6.33; 5.7.0 – 5.7.15 | Vulnerable | Oracle |
| cpe:2.3:a:percona:percona_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 5.5 to before 5.5.51-38.2; 5.6 to before 5.6.32-78.1; 5.7 to before 5.7.14-8 | Vulnerable | Percona |
| cpe:2.3:a:percona:xtradb_cluster:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 5.5 to before 5.5.41-37.0; 5.6 to before 5.6.32-25.17; 5.7 to before 5.7.14-26.17 | Vulnerable | Percona |
| cpe:2.3:a:mariadb:mariadb:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 5.5.20 to before 5.5.52; 10.0.0 to before 10.0.28; 10.1.0 to before 10.1.18 | Vulnerable | MariaDB |
| cpe:2.3:a:oracle:mysql:8.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 8.0 | Vulnerable | Oracle |
- cpe:2.3:a:oracle:mysql:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.0 – 5.5.52; 5.6.0 – 5.6.33; 5.7.0 – 5.7.15 Vulnerable ·Oracle
- cpe:2.3:a:percona:percona_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5 to before 5.5.51-38.2; 5.6 to before 5.6.32-78.1; 5.7 to before 5.7.14-8 Vulnerable ·Percona
- cpe:2.3:a:percona:xtradb_cluster:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5 to before 5.5.41-37.0; 5.6 to before 5.6.32-25.17; 5.7 to before 5.7.14-26.17 Vulnerable ·Percona
- cpe:2.3:a:mariadb:mariadb:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.5.20 to before 5.5.52; 10.0.0 to before 10.0.28; 10.1.0 to before 10.1.18 Vulnerable ·MariaDB
- cpe:2.3:a:oracle:mysql:8.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 8.0 Vulnerable ·Oracle
Remediation
Red Hat 7 advisories
- RHSA-2017:0184 Released 2017-01-24 · Red Hat rating Importantmysql security update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop (v. 6) mysql-5.1.73-8.el6_8, mysql-libs-5.1.73-8.el6_8, mysql-server-5.1.73-8.el6_8
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop Optional (v. 6) mysql-bench-5.1.73-8.el6_8, mysql-devel-5.1.73-8.el6_8, mysql-embedded-5.1.73-8.el6_8 +2
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux HPC Node (v. 6) mysql-5.1.73-8.el6_8, mysql-libs-5.1.73-8.el6_8
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux HPC Node Optional (v. 6) mysql-bench-5.1.73-8.el6_8, mysql-devel-5.1.73-8.el6_8, mysql-embedded-5.1.73-8.el6_8 +3
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 6) mysql-5.1.73-8.el6_8, mysql-bench-5.1.73-8.el6_8, mysql-devel-5.1.73-8.el6_8 +5
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional (v. 6) mysql-embedded-5.1.73-8.el6_8, mysql-embedded-5.1.73-8.el6_8.ppc, mysql-embedded-devel-5.1.73-8.el6_8 +1
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 6) mysql-5.1.73-8.el6_8, mysql-bench-5.1.73-8.el6_8, mysql-devel-5.1.73-8.el6_8 +3
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation Optional (v. 6) mysql-embedded-5.1.73-8.el6_8, mysql-embedded-devel-5.1.73-8.el6_8
- RHSA-2016:2927 Released 2016-12-08 · Red Hat rating Importantrh-mariadb100-mariadb security update
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 6) rh-mariadb100-mariadb-1:10.0.28-5.el6, rh-mariadb100-mariadb-bench-1:10.0.28-5.el6, rh-mariadb100-mariadb-common-1:10.0.28-5.el6 +6
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7) rh-mariadb100-mariadb-1:10.0.28-5.el7, rh-mariadb100-mariadb-bench-1:10.0.28-5.el7, rh-mariadb100-mariadb-common-1:10.0.28-5.el7 +6
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 6.7) rh-mariadb100-mariadb-1:10.0.28-5.el6, rh-mariadb100-mariadb-bench-1:10.0.28-5.el6, rh-mariadb100-mariadb-common-1:10.0.28-5.el6 +6
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.2) rh-mariadb100-mariadb-1:10.0.28-5.el7, rh-mariadb100-mariadb-bench-1:10.0.28-5.el7, rh-mariadb100-mariadb-common-1:10.0.28-5.el7 +6
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.3) rh-mariadb100-mariadb-1:10.0.28-5.el7, rh-mariadb100-mariadb-bench-1:10.0.28-5.el7, rh-mariadb100-mariadb-common-1:10.0.28-5.el7 +6
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 6) rh-mariadb100-mariadb-1:10.0.28-5.el6, rh-mariadb100-mariadb-bench-1:10.0.28-5.el6, rh-mariadb100-mariadb-common-1:10.0.28-5.el6 +6
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7) rh-mariadb100-mariadb-1:10.0.28-5.el7, rh-mariadb100-mariadb-bench-1:10.0.28-5.el7, rh-mariadb100-mariadb-common-1:10.0.28-5.el7 +6
- RHSA-2016:2928 Released 2016-12-08 · Red Hat rating Importantrh-mariadb101-mariadb security update
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 6) rh-mariadb101-mariadb-1:10.1.19-6.el6, rh-mariadb101-mariadb-bench-1:10.1.19-6.el6, rh-mariadb101-mariadb-common-1:10.1.19-6.el6 +7
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7) rh-mariadb101-mariadb-1:10.1.19-6.el7, rh-mariadb101-mariadb-bench-1:10.1.19-6.el7, rh-mariadb101-mariadb-common-1:10.1.19-6.el7 +7
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 6.7) rh-mariadb101-mariadb-1:10.1.19-6.el6, rh-mariadb101-mariadb-bench-1:10.1.19-6.el6, rh-mariadb101-mariadb-common-1:10.1.19-6.el6 +7
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.2) rh-mariadb101-mariadb-1:10.1.19-6.el7, rh-mariadb101-mariadb-bench-1:10.1.19-6.el7, rh-mariadb101-mariadb-common-1:10.1.19-6.el7 +7
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.3) rh-mariadb101-mariadb-1:10.1.19-6.el7, rh-mariadb101-mariadb-bench-1:10.1.19-6.el7, rh-mariadb101-mariadb-common-1:10.1.19-6.el7 +7
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 6) rh-mariadb101-mariadb-1:10.1.19-6.el6, rh-mariadb101-mariadb-bench-1:10.1.19-6.el6, rh-mariadb101-mariadb-common-1:10.1.19-6.el6 +7
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7) rh-mariadb101-mariadb-1:10.1.19-6.el7, rh-mariadb101-mariadb-bench-1:10.1.19-6.el7, rh-mariadb101-mariadb-common-1:10.1.19-6.el7 +7
Show 4 more Red Hat advisories
- RHSA-2016:2749 Released 2016-11-15 · Red Hat rating Importantrh-mysql56-mysql security update
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 6) rh-mysql56-mysql-5.6.34-2.el6, rh-mysql56-mysql-bench-5.6.34-2.el6, rh-mysql56-mysql-common-5.6.34-2.el6 +5
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7) rh-mysql56-mysql-5.6.34-2.el7, rh-mysql56-mysql-bench-5.6.34-2.el7, rh-mysql56-mysql-common-5.6.34-2.el7 +5
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 6.7) rh-mysql56-mysql-5.6.34-2.el6, rh-mysql56-mysql-bench-5.6.34-2.el6, rh-mysql56-mysql-common-5.6.34-2.el6 +5
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.1) rh-mysql56-mysql-5.6.34-2.el7, rh-mysql56-mysql-bench-5.6.34-2.el7, rh-mysql56-mysql-common-5.6.34-2.el7 +5
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.2) rh-mysql56-mysql-5.6.34-2.el7, rh-mysql56-mysql-bench-5.6.34-2.el7, rh-mysql56-mysql-common-5.6.34-2.el7 +5
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 6) rh-mysql56-mysql-5.6.34-2.el6, rh-mysql56-mysql-bench-5.6.34-2.el6, rh-mysql56-mysql-common-5.6.34-2.el6 +5
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7) rh-mysql56-mysql-5.6.34-2.el7, rh-mysql56-mysql-bench-5.6.34-2.el7, rh-mysql56-mysql-common-5.6.34-2.el7 +5
- RHSA-2016:2595 Released 2016-11-03 · Red Hat rating Importantmariadb security and bug fix update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Client (v. 7) mariadb-1:5.5.52-1.el7, mariadb-libs-1:5.5.52-1.el7, mariadb-server-1:5.5.52-1.el7
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Client Optional (v. 7) mariadb-bench-1:5.5.52-1.el7, mariadb-devel-1:5.5.52-1.el7, mariadb-embedded-1:5.5.52-1.el7 +2
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux ComputeNode (v. 7) mariadb-1:5.5.52-1.el7, mariadb-libs-1:5.5.52-1.el7
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux ComputeNode Optional (v. 7) mariadb-bench-1:5.5.52-1.el7, mariadb-devel-1:5.5.52-1.el7, mariadb-embedded-1:5.5.52-1.el7 +3
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7) mariadb-1:5.5.52-1.el7, mariadb-bench-1:5.5.52-1.el7, mariadb-devel-1:5.5.52-1.el7 +5
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional (v. 7) mariadb-embedded-1:5.5.52-1.el7, mariadb-embedded-1:5.5.52-1.el7.ppc, mariadb-embedded-devel-1:5.5.52-1.el7 +1
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7) mariadb-1:5.5.52-1.el7, mariadb-bench-1:5.5.52-1.el7, mariadb-devel-1:5.5.52-1.el7 +3
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation Optional (v. 7) mariadb-embedded-1:5.5.52-1.el7, mariadb-embedded-devel-1:5.5.52-1.el7
- RHSA-2016:2131 Released 2016-10-31 · Red Hat rating Importantmariadb55-mariadb security update
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 6) mariadb55-mariadb-5.5.53-1.el6, mariadb55-mariadb-bench-5.5.53-1.el6, mariadb55-mariadb-devel-5.5.53-1.el6 +3
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7) mariadb55-mariadb-5.5.53-1.el7, mariadb55-mariadb-bench-5.5.53-1.el7, mariadb55-mariadb-devel-5.5.53-1.el7 +3
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 6.6) mariadb55-mariadb-5.5.53-1.el6, mariadb55-mariadb-bench-5.5.53-1.el6, mariadb55-mariadb-devel-5.5.53-1.el6 +3
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 6.7) mariadb55-mariadb-5.5.53-1.el6, mariadb55-mariadb-bench-5.5.53-1.el6, mariadb55-mariadb-devel-5.5.53-1.el6 +3
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.1) mariadb55-mariadb-5.5.53-1.el7, mariadb55-mariadb-bench-5.5.53-1.el7, mariadb55-mariadb-devel-5.5.53-1.el7 +3
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.2) mariadb55-mariadb-5.5.53-1.el7, mariadb55-mariadb-bench-5.5.53-1.el7, mariadb55-mariadb-devel-5.5.53-1.el7 +3
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 6) mariadb55-mariadb-5.5.53-1.el6, mariadb55-mariadb-bench-5.5.53-1.el6, mariadb55-mariadb-devel-5.5.53-1.el6 +3
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7) mariadb55-mariadb-5.5.53-1.el7, mariadb55-mariadb-bench-5.5.53-1.el7, mariadb55-mariadb-devel-5.5.53-1.el7 +3
- RHSA-2016:2130 Released 2016-10-31 · Red Hat rating Importantmysql55-mysql security update
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 6) mysql55-mysql-5.5.52-1.el6, mysql55-mysql-bench-5.5.52-1.el6, mysql55-mysql-devel-5.5.52-1.el6 +3
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7) mysql55-mysql-5.5.52-1.el7, mysql55-mysql-bench-5.5.52-1.el7, mysql55-mysql-devel-5.5.52-1.el7 +3
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 6.6) mysql55-mysql-5.5.52-1.el6, mysql55-mysql-bench-5.5.52-1.el6, mysql55-mysql-devel-5.5.52-1.el6 +3
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 6.7) mysql55-mysql-5.5.52-1.el6, mysql55-mysql-bench-5.5.52-1.el6, mysql55-mysql-devel-5.5.52-1.el6 +3
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.1) mysql55-mysql-5.5.52-1.el7, mysql55-mysql-bench-5.5.52-1.el7, mysql55-mysql-devel-5.5.52-1.el7 +3
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.2) mysql55-mysql-5.5.52-1.el7, mysql55-mysql-bench-5.5.52-1.el7, mysql55-mysql-devel-5.5.52-1.el7 +3
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 6) mysql55-mysql-5.5.52-1.el6, mysql55-mysql-bench-5.5.52-1.el6, mysql55-mysql-devel-5.5.52-1.el6 +3
- Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7) mysql55-mysql-5.5.52-1.el7, mysql55-mysql-bench-5.5.52-1.el7, mysql55-mysql-devel-5.5.52-1.el7 +3
Vendor assessments
Red Hat
Red Hat rating: Moderate. Red Hat's page for this CVE →
| Product | Status | Plan or fix |
|---|---|---|
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 | Affected | No fix planned: Will not fix |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 5 (Icehouse) | Affected | No fix planned: Will not fix |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 6 (Juno) | Affected | No fix planned: Will not fix |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 7 (Kilo) | Affected | No fix planned: Will not fix |
| Red Hat Mobile Application Platform 4 | Affected | — |
| Red Hat OpenStack Platform 10 (Newton) | Affected | No fix planned: Will not fix |
| Red Hat OpenStack Platform 11 (Ocata) | Affected | No fix planned: Will not fix |
| Red Hat OpenStack Platform 12 (Pike) | Affected | No fix planned: Will not fix |
| Red Hat OpenStack Platform 8 (Liberty) | Affected | No fix planned: Will not fix |
| Red Hat OpenStack Platform 9 (Mitaka) | Affected | No fix planned: Will not fix |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Client (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2016:2595 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Client Optional (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2016:2595 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux ComputeNode (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2016:2595 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux ComputeNode Optional (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2016:2595 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2017:0184 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop Optional (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2017:0184 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux HPC Node (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2017:0184 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux HPC Node Optional (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2017:0184 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2017:0184 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2016:2595 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2017:0184 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2016:2595 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2017:0184 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2016:2595 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation Optional (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2017:0184 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation Optional (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2016:2595 |
| Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2016:2130, RHSA-2016:2131, RHSA-2016:2749, RHSA-2016:2927, RHSA-2016:2928 |
| Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2016:2130, RHSA-2016:2131, RHSA-2016:2749, RHSA-2016:2927, RHSA-2016:2928 |
| Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 6.6) | Fixed | RHSA-2016:2130, RHSA-2016:2131 |
| Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 6.7) | Fixed | RHSA-2016:2130, RHSA-2016:2131, RHSA-2016:2749, RHSA-2016:2927, RHSA-2016:2928 |
| Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.1) | Fixed | RHSA-2016:2130, RHSA-2016:2131, RHSA-2016:2749 |
| Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.2) | Fixed | RHSA-2016:2130, RHSA-2016:2131, RHSA-2016:2749, RHSA-2016:2927, RHSA-2016:2928 |
| Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.3) | Fixed | RHSA-2016:2927, RHSA-2016:2928 |
| Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 6) | Fixed | RHSA-2016:2130, RHSA-2016:2131, RHSA-2016:2749, RHSA-2016:2927, RHSA-2016:2928 |
| Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7) | Fixed | RHSA-2016:2130, RHSA-2016:2131, RHSA-2016:2749, RHSA-2016:2927, RHSA-2016:2928 |
Not affected: 1 product
- Red Hat Software Collections
Timeline
- 2026-10-02 Threatist record created from CVE-2016-6663
- 2026-10-03 Alias added: GHSA-g76x-xjc6-4pgh
References
Exploit 2
Patch 3
Advisory 17
- RHSA-2016:2749
- https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.5/en/news-5-5-52.html
- RHSA-2017:0184
- 20161101 MySQL / MariaDB / PerconaDB - Privilege Escalation / Race Condition Exploit [CVE-2016-6663 / OCVE-2016-5616]
- RHSA-2016:2131
- https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/mariadb-5552-release-notes/
- https://www.percona.com/blog/2016/11/02/percona-responds-to-cve-2016-6663-and-cve-2016-6664/
- RHSA-2016:2130
- RHSA-2016:2927
- [oss-security] 20161025 Re: CVE-2016-6662 - MySQL Remote Root Code Execution / Privilege Escalation ( 0day )
- https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.6/en/news-5-6-33.html
- RHSA-2016:2595
- https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/8.0/en/news-8-0-1.html
- https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/mariadb-10118-release-notes/
- https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.7/en/news-5-7-15.html
- RHSA-2016:2928
- https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/mariadb-10028-release-notes/
Sources
- CVE-2016-6663 · CVE Program
- CVE-2016-6663 · NVD
- FIRST EPSS
- GHSA-g76x-xjc6-4pgh · GitHub Advisory Database · CC BY 4.0
- CVE-2016-6663 · Red Hat security data · CC BY 4.0
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