Uncontrolled recursion in https://github.com/curl/curl
Key facts
- Attack vector
- Network
- Privileges required
- None
- User interaction
- None
- Attack complexity
- Low
- Impact type
- Denial of service
- Confidentiality · integrity · availability
- None · None · High
- Fix status
- Partial Red Hat: 4 fixed, 5 without a fix
Attack profile from CVSS 3.1 · CISA ADP. Fix status from CNA and Red Hat. Impact type from CWE-674.
Summary
curl 7.21.0 to and including 7.73.0 is vulnerable to uncontrolled recursion due to a stack overflow issue in FTP wildcard match parsing.
Why it matters now
SSVC decision points
CISA ADP · SSVC 2.0.3
- Exploitation
- Poc
- Automatable
- Yes
- Technical impact
- Partial
The decision (Track, Attend, Act) also depends on your mission and well-being impact; see CISA's SSVC guide.
Affected products
| Vendor | Product | Affected versions | Fixed in | Status | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | https://github.com/curl/curl | libcurl 7.21.0 to and including 7.73.0 | — | No fix listed | CNA |
- https://github.com/curl/curl Vendor— Affected libcurl 7.21.0 to and including 7.73.0 Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
CPE configurations NVD · 54
| CPE | Versions | Role | Vendor |
|---|---|---|---|
| cpe:2.3:a:haxx:libcurl:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 7.21.0 to before 7.74.0 | Vulnerable | Haxx |
| cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:9.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 9.0 | Vulnerable | Debian |
| cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:10.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.0 | Vulnerable | Debian |
| cpe:2.3:o:fedoraproject:fedora:32:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 32 | Vulnerable | Fedoraproject |
| cpe:2.3:o:fedoraproject:fedora:33:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 33 | Vulnerable | Fedoraproject |
| cpe:2.3:a:netapp:clustered_data_ontap:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Vulnerable | NetApp |
| cpe:2.3:a:netapp:hci_management_node:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Vulnerable | NetApp |
| cpe:2.3:a:netapp:solidfire:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Vulnerable | NetApp |
| cpe:2.3:o:netapp:hci_bootstrap_os:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Vulnerable | NetApp |
| cpe:2.3:h:netapp:hci_compute_node:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | NetApp |
- cpe:2.3:a:haxx:libcurl:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 7.21.0 to before 7.74.0 Vulnerable ·Haxx
- cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:9.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 9.0 Vulnerable ·Debian
- cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:10.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.0 Vulnerable ·Debian
- cpe:2.3:o:fedoraproject:fedora:32:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 32 Vulnerable ·Fedoraproject
- cpe:2.3:o:fedoraproject:fedora:33:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 33 Vulnerable ·Fedoraproject
- cpe:2.3:a:netapp:clustered_data_ontap:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Vulnerable ·NetApp
- cpe:2.3:a:netapp:hci_management_node:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Vulnerable ·NetApp
- cpe:2.3:a:netapp:solidfire:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Vulnerable ·NetApp
- cpe:2.3:o:netapp:hci_bootstrap_os:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Vulnerable ·NetApp
- cpe:2.3:h:netapp:hci_compute_node:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·NetApp
Show 44 more CPE
| CPE | Versions | Role | Vendor |
|---|---|---|---|
| cpe:2.3:o:netapp:hci_storage_node_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Vulnerable | NetApp |
| cpe:2.3:h:netapp:hci_storage_node:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | NetApp |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | before 10.14.6; 10.15 to before 10.15.7 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.14.6:-:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.14.6 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.14.6:security_update_2019-001:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.14.6 security_update_2019-001 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.14.6:security_update_2019-002:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.14.6 security_update_2019-002 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.14.6:security_update_2020-001:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.14.6 security_update_2020-001 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.14.6:security_update_2020-002:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.14.6 security_update_2020-002 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.14.6:security_update_2020-003:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.14.6 security_update_2020-003 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.14.6:security_update_2020-004:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.14.6 security_update_2020-004 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.14.6:security_update_2020-005:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.14.6 security_update_2020-005 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.14.6:security_update_2020-006:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.14.6 security_update_2020-006 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.14.6:security_update_2020-007:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.14.6 security_update_2020-007 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.14.6:security_update_2021-001:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.14.6 security_update_2021-001 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.15.7:-:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.15.7 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.15.7:security_update_2020-001:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.15.7 security_update_2020-001 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.15.7:security_update_2021-001:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.15.7 security_update_2021-001 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.15.7:supplemental_update:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.15.7 supplemental_update | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:macos:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 11.0 to before 11.3 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:oracle:communications_billing_and_revenue_management:12.0.0.3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 12.0.0.3.0 | Vulnerable | Oracle |
| cpe:2.3:a:oracle:communications_cloud_native_core_policy:1.14.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.14.0 | Vulnerable | Oracle |
| cpe:2.3:a:oracle:essbase:21.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 21.2 | Vulnerable | Oracle |
| cpe:2.3:a:oracle:peoplesoft_enterprise_peopletools:8.58:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 8.58 | Vulnerable | Oracle |
| cpe:2.3:o:fujitsu:m10-1_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | before xcp2410 | Vulnerable | Fujitsu |
| cpe:2.3:h:fujitsu:m10-1:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Fujitsu |
| cpe:2.3:o:fujitsu:m10-4_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | before xcp2410 | Vulnerable | Fujitsu |
| cpe:2.3:h:fujitsu:m10-4:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Fujitsu |
| cpe:2.3:o:fujitsu:m10-4s_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | before xcp2410 | Vulnerable | Fujitsu |
| cpe:2.3:h:fujitsu:m10-4s:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Fujitsu |
| cpe:2.3:o:fujitsu:m12-1_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | before xcp2410 | Vulnerable | Fujitsu |
| cpe:2.3:h:fujitsu:m12-1:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Fujitsu |
| cpe:2.3:o:fujitsu:m12-2_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | before xcp2410 | Vulnerable | Fujitsu |
| cpe:2.3:h:fujitsu:m12-2:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Fujitsu |
| cpe:2.3:o:fujitsu:m12-2s_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | before xcp2410 | Vulnerable | Fujitsu |
| cpe:2.3:h:fujitsu:m12-2s:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Fujitsu |
| cpe:2.3:o:fujitsu:m10-1_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | before xcp3110 | Vulnerable | Fujitsu |
| cpe:2.3:o:fujitsu:m10-4_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | before xcp3110 | Vulnerable | Fujitsu |
| cpe:2.3:o:fujitsu:m10-4s_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | before xcp3110 | Vulnerable | Fujitsu |
| cpe:2.3:o:fujitsu:m12-1_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | before xcp3110 | Vulnerable | Fujitsu |
| cpe:2.3:o:fujitsu:m12-2_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | before xcp3110 | Vulnerable | Fujitsu |
| cpe:2.3:o:fujitsu:m12-2s_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | before xcp3110 | Vulnerable | Fujitsu |
| cpe:2.3:a:siemens:sinec_infrastructure_network_services:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | before 1.0.1.1 | Vulnerable | Siemens |
| cpe:2.3:a:splunk:universal_forwarder:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 8.2.0 to before 8.2.12; 9.0.0 to before 9.0.6 | Vulnerable | Splunk |
| cpe:2.3:a:splunk:universal_forwarder:9.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 9.1.0 | Vulnerable | Splunk |
- cpe:2.3:o:netapp:hci_storage_node_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Vulnerable ·NetApp
- cpe:2.3:h:netapp:hci_storage_node:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·NetApp
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions before 10.14.6; 10.15 to before 10.15.7 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.14.6:-:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.14.6 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.14.6:security_update_2019-001:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.14.6 security_update_2019-001 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.14.6:security_update_2019-002:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.14.6 security_update_2019-002 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.14.6:security_update_2020-001:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.14.6 security_update_2020-001 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.14.6:security_update_2020-002:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.14.6 security_update_2020-002 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.14.6:security_update_2020-003:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.14.6 security_update_2020-003 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.14.6:security_update_2020-004:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.14.6 security_update_2020-004 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.14.6:security_update_2020-005:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.14.6 security_update_2020-005 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.14.6:security_update_2020-006:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.14.6 security_update_2020-006 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.14.6:security_update_2020-007:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.14.6 security_update_2020-007 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.14.6:security_update_2021-001:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.14.6 security_update_2021-001 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.15.7:-:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.15.7 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.15.7:security_update_2020-001:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.15.7 security_update_2020-001 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.15.7:security_update_2021-001:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.15.7 security_update_2021-001 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.15.7:supplemental_update:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.15.7 supplemental_update Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:macos:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 11.0 to before 11.3 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:oracle:communications_billing_and_revenue_management:12.0.0.3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 12.0.0.3.0 Vulnerable ·Oracle
- cpe:2.3:a:oracle:communications_cloud_native_core_policy:1.14.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.14.0 Vulnerable ·Oracle
- cpe:2.3:a:oracle:essbase:21.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 21.2 Vulnerable ·Oracle
- cpe:2.3:a:oracle:peoplesoft_enterprise_peopletools:8.58:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 8.58 Vulnerable ·Oracle
- cpe:2.3:o:fujitsu:m10-1_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions before xcp2410 Vulnerable ·Fujitsu
- cpe:2.3:h:fujitsu:m10-1:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Fujitsu
- cpe:2.3:o:fujitsu:m10-4_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions before xcp2410 Vulnerable ·Fujitsu
- cpe:2.3:h:fujitsu:m10-4:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Fujitsu
- cpe:2.3:o:fujitsu:m10-4s_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions before xcp2410 Vulnerable ·Fujitsu
- cpe:2.3:h:fujitsu:m10-4s:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Fujitsu
- cpe:2.3:o:fujitsu:m12-1_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions before xcp2410 Vulnerable ·Fujitsu
- cpe:2.3:h:fujitsu:m12-1:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Fujitsu
- cpe:2.3:o:fujitsu:m12-2_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions before xcp2410 Vulnerable ·Fujitsu
- cpe:2.3:h:fujitsu:m12-2:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Fujitsu
- cpe:2.3:o:fujitsu:m12-2s_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions before xcp2410 Vulnerable ·Fujitsu
- cpe:2.3:h:fujitsu:m12-2s:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Fujitsu
- cpe:2.3:o:fujitsu:m10-1_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions before xcp3110 Vulnerable ·Fujitsu
- cpe:2.3:o:fujitsu:m10-4_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions before xcp3110 Vulnerable ·Fujitsu
- cpe:2.3:o:fujitsu:m10-4s_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions before xcp3110 Vulnerable ·Fujitsu
- cpe:2.3:o:fujitsu:m12-1_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions before xcp3110 Vulnerable ·Fujitsu
- cpe:2.3:o:fujitsu:m12-2_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions before xcp3110 Vulnerable ·Fujitsu
- cpe:2.3:o:fujitsu:m12-2s_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions before xcp3110 Vulnerable ·Fujitsu
- cpe:2.3:a:siemens:sinec_infrastructure_network_services:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions before 1.0.1.1 Vulnerable ·Siemens
- cpe:2.3:a:splunk:universal_forwarder:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 8.2.0 to before 8.2.12; 9.0.0 to before 9.0.6 Vulnerable ·Splunk
- cpe:2.3:a:splunk:universal_forwarder:9.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 9.1.0 Vulnerable ·Splunk
Remediation
Red Hat 3 advisories
- RHSA-2021:2472 Released 2021-06-17 · Red Hat rating ImportantRed Hat JBoss Core Services Apache HTTP Server 2.4.37 SP8 security update
- Red Hat JBoss Core Services on RHEL 7 Server jbcs-httpd24-1-18.jbcs.el7, jbcs-httpd24-apr-1.6.3-105.jbcs.el7, jbcs-httpd24-apr-devel-1.6.3-105.jbcs.el7 +31
- Red Hat JBoss Core Services on RHEL 8 jbcs-httpd24-1-18.el8jbcs, jbcs-httpd24-apr-1.6.3-105.el8jbcs, jbcs-httpd24-apr-devel-1.6.3-105.el8jbcs +42
- RHSA-2021:2471 Released 2021-06-17 · Red Hat rating ImportantRed Hat JBoss Core Services Apache HTTP Server 2.4.37 SP8 security update
- JBoss Core Services Apache HTTP Server 2.4.37 SP8
- RHSA-2021:1610 Released 2021-05-18 · Red Hat rating Moderatecurl security and bug fix update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS (v. 8) curl-7.61.1-18.el8, libcurl-7.61.1-18.el8, libcurl-devel-7.61.1-18.el8 +1
Fixed in the same release
Records fixed by the same vendor advisory or release, as the CNA lists them.
- Advisory ·
https://github.com/curl/curl — DSA-4881
6 records Highest priority Priority HIGH 1 HIGH, 4 MEDIUM, 1 LOW
Other records, highest priority first
- TI-2020-06701 Information disclosure in https://github.com/curl/curlPriority MEDIUM 51
- TI-2020-06703 Improper certificate validation in https://github.com/curl/curlPriority MEDIUM 46
- TI-2020-06649 Due to use of a dangling pointer, libcurl 7.29.0 through 7.71.1 can use the wrong connection when sending data.Priority MEDIUM 41
- Advisory ·
https://github.com/curl/curl — GLSA-202012-14
4 records Highest priority Priority HIGH 1 HIGH, 3 MEDIUM
Other records, highest priority first
- TI-2020-06701 Information disclosure in https://github.com/curl/curlPriority MEDIUM 51
- TI-2020-06703 Improper certificate validation in https://github.com/curl/curlPriority MEDIUM 46
- TI-2020-06649 Due to use of a dangling pointer, libcurl 7.29.0 through 7.71.1 can use the wrong connection when sending data.Priority MEDIUM 41
Show 2 more groups
- Advisory ·
https://github.com/curl/curl — FEDORA-2020-7ab62c73bc
3 records Highest priority Priority HIGH 1 HIGH, 2 MEDIUM
Other records, highest priority first
- TI-2020-06701 Information disclosure in https://github.com/curl/curlPriority MEDIUM 51
- TI-2020-06703 Improper certificate validation in https://github.com/curl/curlPriority MEDIUM 46
- Advisory ·
https://github.com/curl/curl — FEDORA-2020-ceaf490686
3 records Highest priority Priority HIGH 1 HIGH, 2 MEDIUM
Other records, highest priority first
- TI-2020-06701 Information disclosure in https://github.com/curl/curlPriority MEDIUM 51
- TI-2020-06703 Improper certificate validation in https://github.com/curl/curlPriority MEDIUM 46
Vendor assessments
Red Hat
Red Hat rating: Moderate. Red Hat's page for this CVE →
| Product | Status | Plan or fix |
|---|---|---|
| Red Hat Ceph Storage 2 | Affected | No fix planned: Out of support scope |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 | Affected | No fix planned: Out of support scope |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 | Affected | No fix planned: Out of support scope |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 | Affected | No fix planned: Out of support scope |
| Red Hat Software Collections | Affected | No fix planned: Will not fix |
| JBoss Core Services Apache HTTP Server 2.4.37 SP8 | Fixed | RHSA-2021:2471 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS (v. 8) | Fixed | RHSA-2021:1610 |
| Red Hat JBoss Core Services on RHEL 7 Server | Fixed | RHSA-2021:2472 |
| Red Hat JBoss Core Services on RHEL 8 | Fixed | RHSA-2021:2472 |
Not affected: 2 products
- .NET Core 2.1 on Red Hat Enterprise Linux
- .NET Core 3.1 on Red Hat Enterprise Linux
Timeline
- 2026-10-02 Threatist record created from CVE-2020-8285
- 2026-10-03 Alias added: GHSA-4p2h-jggv-23jg
References
Patch 5
Advisory 13
- https://curl.se/docs/CVE-2020-8285.html
- FEDORA-2020-ceaf490686
- [debian-lts-announce] 20201219 [SECURITY] [DLA 2500-1] curl security update
- FEDORA-2020-7ab62c73bc
- GLSA-202012-14
- DSA-4881
- 20210427 APPLE-SA-2021-04-26-3 Security Update 2021-002 Catalina
- https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20210122-0007/
- https://support.apple.com/kb/HT212325
- https://support.apple.com/kb/HT212326
- https://support.apple.com/kb/HT212327
- [bookkeeper-issues] 20210628 [GitHub] [bookkeeper] padma81 opened a new issue #2746: Security Vulnerabilities in CentOS 7 image, Upgrade image to CentOS 8
- [bookkeeper-issues] 20210629 [GitHub] [bookkeeper] padma81 opened a new issue #2746: Security Vulnerabilities in CentOS 7 image, Upgrade image to CentOS 8
Sources
- CVE-2020-8285 · CVE Program
- CVE-2020-8285 · NVD
- FIRST EPSS
- GHSA-4p2h-jggv-23jg · GitHub Advisory Database · CC BY 4.0
- CVE-2020-8285 · Red Hat security data · CC BY 4.0
This product uses the NVD API but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD. Sources and licences