net/sched: act_ct: fix skb leak and crash on ooo frags
Key facts
- Attack vector
- Network
- Privileges required
- None
- User interaction
- None
- Attack complexity
- Low
- Impact type
- Denial of service
- Confidentiality · integrity · availability
- None · None · High
- Fix status
- Partial Red Hat: 22 fixed, 1 without a fix
Attack profile from CVSS 3.1 · CNA. Fix status from CNA and Red Hat. Impact type from CWE-401.
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net/sched: act_ct: fix skb leak and crash on ooo frags act_ct adds skb->users before defragmentation. If frags arrive in order, the last frag's reference is reset in: inet_frag_reasm_prepare skb_morph which is not straightforward. However when frags arrive out of order, nobody unref the last frag, and all frags are leaked. The situation is even worse, as initiating packet capture can lead to a crash[0] when skb has been cloned and shared at the same time. Fix the issue by removing skb_get() before defragmentation. act_ct returns TC_ACT_CONSUMED when defrag failed or in progress. [0]: [ 843.804823] ------------[ cut here ]------------ [ 843.809659] kernel BUG at net/core/skbuff.c:2091! [ 843.814516] invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP [ 843.819296] CPU: 7 PID: 0 Comm: swapper/7 Kdump: loaded Tainted: G S 6.7.0-rc3 #2 [ 843.824107] Hardware name: XFUSION 1288H V6/BC13MBSBD, BIOS 1.29 11/25/2022 [ 843.828953] RIP: 0010:pskb_expand_head+0x2ac/0x300 [ 843.833805] Code: 8b 70 28 48 85 f6 74 82 48 83 c6 08 bf 01 00 00 00 e8 38 bd ff ff 8b 83 c0 00 00 00 48 03 83 c8 00 00 00 e9 62 ff ff ff 0f 0b <0f> 0b e8 8d d0 ff ff e9 b3 fd ff ff 81 7c 24 14 40 01 00 00 4c 89 [ 843.843698] RSP: 0018:ffffc9000cce07c0 EFLAGS: 00010202 [ 843.848524] RAX: 0000000000000002 RBX: ffff88811a211d00 RCX: 0000000000000820 [ 843.853299] RDX: 0000000000000640 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: ffff88811a211d00 [ 843.857974] RBP: ffff888127d39518 R08: 00000000bee97314 R09: 0000000000000000 [ 843.862584] R10: 0000000000000000 R11: ffff8881109f0000 R12: 0000000000000880 [ 843.867147] R13: ffff888127d39580 R14: 0000000000000640 R15: ffff888170f7b900 [ 843.871680] FS: 0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff889ffffc0000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 [ 843.876242] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 [ 843.880778] CR2: 00007fa42affcfb8 CR3: 000000011433a002 CR4: 0000000000770ef0 [ 843.885336] DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000 [ 843.889809] DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400 [ 843.894229] PKRU: 55555554 [ 843.898539] Call Trace: [ 843.902772] <IRQ> [ 843.906922] ? __die_body+0x1e/0x60 [ 843.911032] ? die+0x3c/0x60 [ 843.915037] ? do_trap+0xe2/0x110 [ 843.918911] ? pskb_expand_head+0x2ac/0x300 [ 843.922687] ? do_error_trap+0x65/0x80 [ 843.926342] ? pskb_expand_head+0x2ac/0x300 [ 843.929905] ? exc_invalid_op+0x50/0x60 [ 843.933398] ? pskb_expand_head+0x2ac/0x300 [ 843.936835] ? asm_exc_invalid_op+0x1a/0x20 [ 843.940226] ? pskb_expand_head+0x2ac/0x300 [ 843.943580] inet_frag_reasm_prepare+0xd1/0x240 [ 843.946904] ip_defrag+0x5d4/0x870 [ 843.950132] nf_ct_handle_fragments+0xec/0x130 [nf_conntrack] [ 843.953334] tcf_ct_act+0x252/0xd90 [act_ct] [ 843.956473] ? tcf_mirred_act+0x516/0x5a0 [act_mirred] [ 843.959657] tcf_action_exec+0xa1/0x160 [ 843.962823] fl_classify+0x1db/0x1f0 [cls_flower] [ 843.966010] ? skb_clone+0x53/0xc0 [ 843.969173] tcf_classify+0x24d/0x420 [ 843.972333] tc_run+0x8f/0xf0 [ 843.975465] __netif_receive_skb_core+0x67a/0x1080 [ 843.978634] ? dev_gro_receive+0x249/0x730 [ 843.981759] __netif_receive_skb_list_core+0x12d/0x260 [ 843.984869] netif_receive_skb_list_internal+0x1cb/0x2f0 [ 843.987957] ? mlx5e_handle_rx_cqe_mpwrq_rep+0xfa/0x1a0 [mlx5_core] [ 843.991170] napi_complete_done+0x72/0x1a0 [ 843.994305] mlx5e_napi_poll+0x28c/0x6d0 [mlx5_core] [ 843.997501] __napi_poll+0x25/0x1b0 [ 844.000627] net_rx_action+0x256/0x330 [ 844.003705] __do_softirq+0xb3/0x29b [ 844.006718] irq_exit_rcu+0x9e/0xc0 [ 844.009672] common_interrupt+0x86/0xa0 [ 844.012537] </IRQ> [ 844.015285] <TASK> [ 844.017937] asm_common_interrupt+0x26/0x40 [ 844.020591] RIP: 0010:acpi_safe_halt+0x1b/0x20 [ 844.023247] Code: ff 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 0f 1f 40 00 65 48 8b 04 25 00 18 03 00 48 8b 00 a8 08 75 0c 66 90 0f 00 2d 81 d0 44 00 fb ---truncated---
Why it matters now
SSVC decision points
CISA ADP · SSVC 2.0.3
- Exploitation
- None
- Automatable
- No
- Technical impact
- Partial
The decision (Track, Attend, Act) also depends on your mission and well-being impact; see CISA's SSVC guide.
Affected products
| Vendor | Product | Affected versions | Fixed in | Status | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linux | Linux | 5.3 and later | 5.15.148, 6.1.75, 6.6.14, 6.7.2, 6.8 | Patch available | CNA |
- Linux VendorLinux Affected 5.3 and later Fixed in 5.15.148, 6.1.75, 6.6.14, 6.7.2, 6.8 Patch available CNA
CPE configurations NVD · 1
| CPE | Versions | Role | Vendor |
|---|---|---|---|
| cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 5.3 to before 5.15.148; 5.16 to before 6.1.75; 6.2 to before 6.6.14; 6.7 to before 6.7.2 | Vulnerable | Linux |
- cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 5.3 to before 5.15.148; 5.16 to before 6.1.75; 6.2 to before 6.6.14; 6.7 to before 6.7.2 Vulnerable ·Linux
Remediation
- Fix · CNA Linux (Linux) Fixed in 5.15.148, 6.1.75, 6.6.14, 6.7.2, 6.8
Red Hat 9 advisories
- RHSA-2025:22999 Released 2025-12-10 · Red Hat rating Moderatekernel security update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream E4S (v.9.0) kernel-debug-devel-5.14.0-70.157.1.el9_0, kernel-debug-devel-matched-5.14.0-70.157.1.el9_0, kernel-devel-5.14.0-70.157.1.el9_0 +5
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS E4S (v.9.0) bpftool-5.14.0-70.157.1.el9_0, kernel-5.14.0-70.157.1.el9_0, kernel-abi-stablelists-5.14.0-70.157.1.el9_0 +14
- RHSA-2025:22997 Released 2025-12-10 · Red Hat rating Moderatekernel-rt security update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux NFV E4S (v.9.0) kernel-rt-5.14.0-70.157.1.rt21.229.el9_0, kernel-rt-core-5.14.0-70.157.1.rt21.229.el9_0, kernel-rt-debug-5.14.0-70.157.1.rt21.229.el9_0 +9
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time E4S (v.9.0) kernel-rt-5.14.0-70.157.1.rt21.229.el9_0, kernel-rt-core-5.14.0-70.157.1.rt21.229.el9_0, kernel-rt-debug-5.14.0-70.157.1.rt21.229.el9_0 +7
- RHSA-2025:22124 Released 2025-11-25 · Red Hat rating Moderatekernel-rt security update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time E4S (v.9.2) kernel-rt-5.14.0-284.148.1.rt14.433.el9_2, kernel-rt-core-5.14.0-284.148.1.rt14.433.el9_2, kernel-rt-debug-5.14.0-284.148.1.rt14.433.el9_2 +9
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time for NFV E4S (v.9.2) kernel-rt-5.14.0-284.148.1.rt14.433.el9_2, kernel-rt-core-5.14.0-284.148.1.rt14.433.el9_2, kernel-rt-debug-5.14.0-284.148.1.rt14.433.el9_2 +11
Show 6 more Red Hat advisories
- RHSA-2025:22095 Released 2025-11-25 · Red Hat rating Moderatekernel security update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream E4S (v.9.2) kernel-64k-debug-devel-5.14.0-284.148.1.el9_2, kernel-64k-debug-devel-matched-5.14.0-284.148.1.el9_2, kernel-64k-devel-5.14.0-284.148.1.el9_2 +10
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS E4S (v.9.2) bpftool-7.0.0-284.148.1.el9_2, kernel-5.14.0-284.148.1.el9_2, kernel-64k-5.14.0-284.148.1.el9_2 +29
- RHSA-2024:5692 Released 2024-08-21 · Red Hat rating Moderatekernel security update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS AUS (v.8.6) bpftool-4.18.0-372.119.1.el8_6, kernel-4.18.0-372.119.1.el8_6, kernel-abi-stablelists-4.18.0-372.119.1.el8_6 +13
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS E4S (v.8.6) bpftool-4.18.0-372.119.1.el8_6, kernel-4.18.0-372.119.1.el8_6, kernel-abi-stablelists-4.18.0-372.119.1.el8_6 +18
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS TUS (v.8.6) bpftool-4.18.0-372.119.1.el8_6, kernel-4.18.0-372.119.1.el8_6, kernel-abi-stablelists-4.18.0-372.119.1.el8_6 +13
- RHSA-2024:5255 Released 2024-08-13 · Red Hat rating Importantkernel security update
- Red Hat CodeReady Linux Builder EUS (v.8.8) kernel-tools-libs-devel-4.18.0-477.67.1.el8_8
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS EUS (v.8.8) bpftool-4.18.0-477.67.1.el8_8, kernel-4.18.0-477.67.1.el8_8, kernel-abi-stablelists-4.18.0-477.67.1.el8_8 +19
- RHSA-2024:3627 Released 2024-06-05 · Red Hat rating Moderatekernel-rt security and bug fix update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux NFV (v. 8) kernel-rt-4.18.0-553.5.1.rt7.346.el8_10, kernel-rt-core-4.18.0-553.5.1.rt7.346.el8_10, kernel-rt-debug-4.18.0-553.5.1.rt7.346.el8_10 +9
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux RT (v. 8) kernel-rt-4.18.0-553.5.1.rt7.346.el8_10, kernel-rt-core-4.18.0-553.5.1.rt7.346.el8_10, kernel-rt-debug-4.18.0-553.5.1.rt7.346.el8_10 +7
- RHSA-2024:3618 Released 2024-06-05 · Red Hat rating Moderatekernel update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS (v. 8) bpftool-4.18.0-553.5.1.el8_10, kernel-4.18.0-553.5.1.el8_10, kernel-abi-stablelists-4.18.0-553.5.1.el8_10 +19
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux CRB (v. 8) kernel-tools-libs-devel-4.18.0-553.5.1.el8_10
- RHSA-2024:2394 Released 2024-04-30 · Red Hat rating Importantkernel security, bug fix, and enhancement update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 9) kernel-64k-debug-devel-5.14.0-427.13.1.el9_4, kernel-64k-debug-devel-matched-5.14.0-427.13.1.el9_4, kernel-64k-devel-5.14.0-427.13.1.el9_4 +11
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS (v. 9) bpftool-7.3.0-427.13.1.el9_4, kernel-5.14.0-427.13.1.el9_4, kernel-64k-5.14.0-427.13.1.el9_4 +29
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux CRB (v. 9) kernel-tools-libs-devel-5.14.0-427.13.1.el9_4, libperf-5.14.0-427.13.1.el9_4
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux NFV (v. 9) kernel-rt-5.14.0-427.13.1.el9_4, kernel-rt-core-5.14.0-427.13.1.el9_4, kernel-rt-debug-5.14.0-427.13.1.el9_4 +11
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux RT (v. 9) kernel-rt-5.14.0-427.13.1.el9_4, kernel-rt-core-5.14.0-427.13.1.el9_4, kernel-rt-debug-5.14.0-427.13.1.el9_4 +9
Vendor assessments
Red Hat
Red Hat rating: Moderate. Red Hat's page for this CVE →
| Product | Status | Plan or fix |
|---|---|---|
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 | Affected | No fix yet |
| Red Hat CodeReady Linux Builder EUS (v.8.8) | Fixed | RHSA-2024:5255 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 9) | Fixed | RHSA-2024:2394 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream E4S (v.9.0) | Fixed | RHSA-2025:22999 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream E4S (v.9.2) | Fixed | RHSA-2025:22095 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS (v. 8) | Fixed | RHSA-2024:3618 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS (v. 9) | Fixed | RHSA-2024:2394 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS AUS (v.8.6) | Fixed | RHSA-2024:5692 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS E4S (v.8.6) | Fixed | RHSA-2024:5692 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS E4S (v.9.0) | Fixed | RHSA-2025:22999 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS E4S (v.9.2) | Fixed | RHSA-2025:22095 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS EUS (v.8.8) | Fixed | RHSA-2024:5255 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS TUS (v.8.6) | Fixed | RHSA-2024:5692 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux CRB (v. 8) | Fixed | RHSA-2024:3618 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux CRB (v. 9) | Fixed | RHSA-2024:2394 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux NFV (v. 8) | Fixed | RHSA-2024:3627 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux NFV (v. 9) | Fixed | RHSA-2024:2394 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux NFV E4S (v.9.0) | Fixed | RHSA-2025:22997 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux RT (v. 8) | Fixed | RHSA-2024:3627 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux RT (v. 9) | Fixed | RHSA-2024:2394 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time E4S (v.9.0) | Fixed | RHSA-2025:22997 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time E4S (v.9.2) | Fixed | RHSA-2025:22124 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time for NFV E4S (v.9.2) | Fixed | RHSA-2025:22124 |
Not affected: 6 products
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS AUS (v.8.6)
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS E4S (v.8.6)
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS EUS (v.8.8)
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS TUS (v.8.6)
Timeline
- 2026-10-02 Threatist record created from CVE-2023-52610
- 2026-10-03 Alias added: GHSA-rg96-q483-7789
- 2026-10-21 EPSS moved to the 50th–90th percentile
References
Patch 5
- https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/172ba7d46c202e679f3ccb10264c67416aaeb1c4
- https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0b5b831122fc3789fff75be433ba3e4dd7b779d4
- https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/73f7da5fd124f2cda9161e2e46114915e6e82e97
- https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f5346df0591d10bc948761ca854b1fae6d2ef441
- https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3f14b377d01d8357eba032b4cabc8c1149b458b6
More Linux Kernel vulnerabilities
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- TI-2026-38352 netfilter: bridge: make ebt_snat ARP rewrite writable KEVCVSS 3.1HIGH 8.8
- TI-2013-05264 The (1) get_user and (2) put_user API functions in the Linux kernel before 3.5.5 on the… KEVCVSS 3.1HIGH 8.8
- TI-2022-00125 Integer overflow in kernel KEVCVSS 3.1HIGH 8.4
- TI-2013-01864 The perf_swevent_init function in kernel/events/core.c in the Linux kernel before 3.8.9… KEVCVSS 3.1HIGH 8.4
- TI-2021-05514 Heap Out-Of-Bounds Write in Netfilter IP6T_SO_SET_REPLACE KEVCVSS 3.1HIGH 8.3
Sources
- CVE-2023-52610 · CVE Program
- CVE-2023-52610 · NVD
- FIRST EPSS
- GHSA-rg96-q483-7789 · GitHub Advisory Database · CC BY 4.0
- CVE-2023-52610 · Red Hat security data · CC BY 4.0
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