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TI-2024-35620 Aliases CVE-2024-53150GHSA-7vq8-4frp-4vcv

ALSA: usb-audio: Fix out of bounds reads when finding clock sources

Priority CRITICAL 88Exploited in the wildCWE-125Published · Updated

Key facts

Attack vector
Local
Privileges required
Low
User interaction
None
Attack complexity
Low
Impact type
—
Confidentiality · integrity · availability
High · None · High
Fix status
Fixed

Attack profile from CVSS 3.1 · CISA ADP. Fix status from CNA and Red Hat.

Summary

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ALSA: usb-audio: Fix out of bounds reads when finding clock sources The current USB-audio driver code doesn't check bLength of each descriptor at traversing for clock descriptors. That is, when a device provides a bogus descriptor with a shorter bLength, the driver might hit out-of-bounds reads. For addressing it, this patch adds sanity checks to the validator functions for the clock descriptor traversal. When the descriptor length is shorter than expected, it's skipped in the loop. For the clock source and clock multiplier descriptors, we can just check bLength against the sizeof() of each descriptor type. OTOH, the clock selector descriptor of UAC2 and UAC3 has an array of bNrInPins elements and two more fields at its tail, hence those have to be checked in addition to the sizeof() check.

Why it matters now

Exploitation Active In CISA KEV since 2025-04-09CISA due date 2025-04-30
EPSS 0.01354 71st percentileScored 2026-11-07
Fix Fixed Linux (Linux): 4.20, 5.4, 5.4.287 +7Red Hat: 23 advisories

SSVC decision points

CISA ADP · SSVC 2.0.3

Exploitation
Active
Automatable
No
Technical impact
Partial

The decision (Track, Attend, Act) also depends on your mission and well-being impact; see CISA's SSVC guide.

Affected products

VendorProductAffected versionsFixed inStatusSource
LinuxLinux4.19.84 to before 4.20; 5.3.11 to before 5.44.20, 5.4Patch availableCNA
LinuxLinux5.4 and later5.4.287, 5.10.231, 5.15.174, 6.1.120, 6.6.64, 6.11.11, 6.12.2, 6.13Patch availableCNA
  • Linux VendorLinux Affected 4.19.84 to before 4.20; 5.3.11 to before 5.4 Fixed in 4.20, 5.4 Patch available CNA
  • Linux VendorLinux Affected 5.4 and later Fixed in 5.4.287, 5.10.231, 5.15.174, 6.1.120, 6.6.64, 6.11.11, 6.12.2, 6.13 Patch available CNA

CPE configurations NVD · 2

CPEVersionsRoleVendor
cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:11.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*11.0VulnerableDebian
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*before 5.4.287; 5.5 to before 5.10.231; 5.11 to before 5.15.174; 5.16 to before 6.1.120; 6.2 to before 6.6.64; 6.7 to before 6.11.11; 6.12 to before 6.12.2VulnerableLinux
  • cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:11.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 11.0 Vulnerable ·Debian
  • cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions before 5.4.287; 5.5 to before 5.10.231; 5.11 to before 5.15.174; 5.16 to before 6.1.120; 6.2 to before 6.6.64; 6.7 to before 6.11.11; 6.12 to before 6.12.2 Vulnerable ·Linux

Remediation

  • Fix · CNA Linux (Linux) Fixed in 4.20, 5.4
  • Fix · CNA Linux (Linux) Fixed in 5.4.287, 5.10.231, 5.15.174, 6.1.120, 6.6.64, 6.11.11, 6.12.2, 6.13

Red Hat 23 advisories

  • RHSA-2025:4422 Released 2025-05-08 · Red Hat rating Important
    OpenShift Container Platform 4.15.50 bug fix and security update
    • Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.15 openshift4/ose-agent-installer-node-agent-rhel9, openshift4/ose-agent-installer-orchestrator-rhel8, openshift4/ose-baremetal-rhel9-operator +4
  • RHSA-2025:4409 Released 2025-05-08 · Red Hat rating Important
    OpenShift Container Platform 4.12.76 bug fix and security update
    • Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.12 openshift4/ose-agent-installer-api-server-rhel8, openshift4/ose-baremetal-rhel8-operator, openshift4/ose-ibm-vpc-block-csi-driver-rhel8 +2
  • RHSA-2025:4177 Released 2025-04-30 · Red Hat rating Important
    OpenShift Container Platform 4.14.51 bug fix and security update
    • Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.14 openshift4/ose-agent-installer-api-server-rhel8, openshift4/ose-baremetal-rhel8-operator, openshift4/ose-cluster-etcd-rhel8-operator +4
Show 20 more Red Hat advisories
  • RHSA-2025:4012 Released 2025-04-23 · Red Hat rating Important
    OpenShift Container Platform 4.17.26 bug fix and security update
    • Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.17 openshift4/ose-agent-installer-orchestrator-rhel9, openshift4/ose-hypershift-rhel9, openshift4/ose-ibm-vpc-block-csi-driver-rhel9 +2
  • RHSA-2025:4008 Released 2025-04-23 · Red Hat rating Important
    OpenShift Container Platform 4.16.39 bug fix and security update
    • Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.16 openshift4/aws-kms-encryption-provider-rhel9, openshift4/azure-kms-encryption-provider-rhel9, openshift4/cloud-network-config-controller-rhel9 +47
  • RHSA-2025:4019 Released 2025-04-22 · Red Hat rating Important
    OpenShift Container Platform 4.18.10 bug fix and security update
    • Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.18 openshift4/ose-ibm-vpc-block-csi-driver-rhel9, openshift4/ose-monitoring-plugin-rhel9, openshift4/ose-operator-registry-rhel9 +1
  • RHSA-2025:3937 Released 2025-04-16 · Red Hat rating Moderate
    kernel security update
    • Red Hat CodeReady Linux Builder (v. 9) kernel-tools-libs-devel-5.14.0-503.38.1.el9_5, libperf-5.14.0-503.38.1.el9_5
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 9) kernel-64k-debug-devel-5.14.0-503.38.1.el9_5, kernel-64k-debug-devel-matched-5.14.0-503.38.1.el9_5, kernel-64k-devel-5.14.0-503.38.1.el9_5 +11
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS (v. 9) bpftool-7.4.0-503.38.1.el9_5, kernel-5.14.0-503.38.1.el9_5, kernel-64k-5.14.0-503.38.1.el9_5 +30
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time (v. 9) kernel-rt-5.14.0-503.38.1.el9_5, kernel-rt-core-5.14.0-503.38.1.el9_5, kernel-rt-debug-5.14.0-503.38.1.el9_5 +9
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time for NFV (v. 9) kernel-rt-5.14.0-503.38.1.el9_5, kernel-rt-core-5.14.0-503.38.1.el9_5, kernel-rt-debug-5.14.0-503.38.1.el9_5 +11
  • RHSA-2025:3935 Released 2025-04-16 · Red Hat rating Moderate
    kernel security update
    • Red Hat CodeReady Linux Builder EUS (v.9.4) kernel-tools-libs-devel-5.14.0-427.65.1.el9_4, libperf-5.14.0-427.65.1.el9_4
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.4) kernel-64k-debug-devel-5.14.0-427.65.1.el9_4, kernel-64k-debug-devel-matched-5.14.0-427.65.1.el9_4, kernel-64k-devel-5.14.0-427.65.1.el9_4 +11
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS EUS (v.9.4) bpftool-7.3.0-427.65.1.el9_4, kernel-5.14.0-427.65.1.el9_4, kernel-64k-5.14.0-427.65.1.el9_4 +29
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time EUS (v.9.4) kernel-rt-5.14.0-427.65.1.el9_4, kernel-rt-core-5.14.0-427.65.1.el9_4, kernel-rt-debug-5.14.0-427.65.1.el9_4 +9
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time for NFV EUS (v.9.4) kernel-rt-5.14.0-427.65.1.el9_4, kernel-rt-core-5.14.0-427.65.1.el9_4, kernel-rt-debug-5.14.0-427.65.1.el9_4 +11
  • RHSA-2025:3931 Released 2025-04-15 · Red Hat rating Moderate
    kernel security update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server -EXTENSION(v. 6 ELS-EXTENSION) kernel-2.6.32-754.57.1.el6, kernel-abi-whitelists-2.6.32-754.57.1.el6, kernel-debug-2.6.32-754.57.1.el6 +7
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional -EXTENSION (v. 6 ELS -EXTENSION) python-perf-2.6.32-754.57.1.el6
  • RHSA-2025:3903 Released 2025-04-15 · Red Hat rating Moderate
    kernel security update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server AUS (v. 7.7) bpftool-3.10.0-1062.95.1.el7, kernel-3.10.0-1062.95.1.el7, kernel-abi-whitelists-3.10.0-1062.95.1.el7 +8
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional AUS (v. 7.7) kernel-tools-libs-devel-3.10.0-1062.95.1.el7
  • RHSA-2025:3901 Released 2025-04-15 · Red Hat rating Moderate
    kernel-rt security update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux for Real Time (v. 7 ELS) kernel-rt-3.10.0-1160.134.1.rt56.1286.el7, kernel-rt-debug-3.10.0-1160.134.1.rt56.1286.el7, kernel-rt-debug-devel-3.10.0-1160.134.1.rt56.1286.el7 +4
  • RHSA-2025:3893 Released 2025-04-15 · Red Hat rating Moderate
    kernel security update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS (v. 8) bpftool-4.18.0-553.50.1.el8_10, kernel-4.18.0-553.50.1.el8_10, kernel-abi-stablelists-4.18.0-553.50.1.el8_10 +19
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux CRB (v. 8) kernel-tools-libs-devel-4.18.0-553.50.1.el8_10
  • RHSA-2025:3894 Released 2025-04-15 · Red Hat rating Moderate
    kernel-rt security update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux NFV (v. 8) kernel-rt-4.18.0-553.50.1.rt7.391.el8_10, kernel-rt-core-4.18.0-553.50.1.rt7.391.el8_10, kernel-rt-debug-4.18.0-553.50.1.rt7.391.el8_10 +9
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux RT (v. 8) kernel-rt-4.18.0-553.50.1.rt7.391.el8_10, kernel-rt-core-4.18.0-553.50.1.rt7.391.el8_10, kernel-rt-debug-4.18.0-553.50.1.rt7.391.el8_10 +7
  • RHSA-2025:3888 Released 2025-04-15 · Red Hat rating Moderate
    kernel security update
    • Red Hat CodeReady Linux Builder EUS (v.9.2) kernel-tools-libs-devel-5.14.0-284.114.1.el9_2
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2) kernel-64k-debug-devel-5.14.0-284.114.1.el9_2, kernel-64k-debug-devel-matched-5.14.0-284.114.1.el9_2, kernel-64k-devel-5.14.0-284.114.1.el9_2 +10
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS EUS (v.9.2) bpftool-7.0.0-284.114.1.el9_2, kernel-5.14.0-284.114.1.el9_2, kernel-64k-5.14.0-284.114.1.el9_2 +29
  • RHSA-2025:3889 Released 2025-04-15 · Red Hat rating Moderate
    kernel-rt security update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time EUS (v.9.2) kernel-rt-5.14.0-284.114.1.rt14.399.el9_2, kernel-rt-core-5.14.0-284.114.1.rt14.399.el9_2, kernel-rt-debug-5.14.0-284.114.1.rt14.399.el9_2 +9
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time for NFV EUS (v.9.2) kernel-rt-5.14.0-284.114.1.rt14.399.el9_2, kernel-rt-core-5.14.0-284.114.1.rt14.399.el9_2, kernel-rt-debug-5.14.0-284.114.1.rt14.399.el9_2 +11
  • RHSA-2025:3887 Released 2025-04-15 · Red Hat rating Moderate
    kernel security update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS AUS (v. 8.2) bpftool-4.18.0-193.150.1.el8_2, kernel-4.18.0-193.150.1.el8_2, kernel-abi-whitelists-4.18.0-193.150.1.el8_2 +14
  • RHSA-2025:3880 Released 2025-04-15 · Red Hat rating Moderate
    kernel security update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS) bpftool-3.10.0-1160.134.1.el7, kernel-3.10.0-1160.134.1.el7, kernel-abi-whitelists-3.10.0-1160.134.1.el7 +11
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional (v. 7 ELS) kernel-debug-devel-3.10.0-1160.134.1.el7, kernel-tools-libs-devel-3.10.0-1160.134.1.el7
  • RHSA-2025:3871 Released 2025-04-15 · Red Hat rating Moderate
    kernel security update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS AUS (v.8.4) bpftool-4.18.0-305.154.1.el8_4, kernel-4.18.0-305.154.1.el8_4, kernel-abi-stablelists-4.18.0-305.154.1.el8_4 +14
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS E4S (v.8.4) bpftool-4.18.0-305.154.1.el8_4, kernel-4.18.0-305.154.1.el8_4, kernel-abi-stablelists-4.18.0-305.154.1.el8_4 +14
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS TUS (v.8.4) bpftool-4.18.0-305.154.1.el8_4, kernel-4.18.0-305.154.1.el8_4, kernel-abi-stablelists-4.18.0-305.154.1.el8_4 +14
  • RHSA-2025:3861 Released 2025-04-14 · Red Hat rating Moderate
    kernel-rt security update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux NFV TUS (v.8.4) kernel-rt-4.18.0-305.154.1.rt7.231.el8_4, kernel-rt-core-4.18.0-305.154.1.rt7.231.el8_4, kernel-rt-debug-4.18.0-305.154.1.rt7.231.el8_4 +9
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux RT TUS (v.8.4) kernel-rt-4.18.0-305.154.1.rt7.231.el8_4, kernel-rt-core-4.18.0-305.154.1.rt7.231.el8_4, kernel-rt-debug-4.18.0-305.154.1.rt7.231.el8_4 +7
  • RHSA-2025:3838 Released 2025-04-14 · Red Hat rating Important
    kernel security update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream E4S (v.9.0) kernel-debug-devel-5.14.0-70.130.1.el9_0, kernel-debug-devel-matched-5.14.0-70.130.1.el9_0, kernel-devel-5.14.0-70.130.1.el9_0 +5
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS E4S (v.9.0) bpftool-5.14.0-70.130.1.el9_0, kernel-5.14.0-70.130.1.el9_0, kernel-abi-stablelists-5.14.0-70.130.1.el9_0 +14
  • RHSA-2025:3839 Released 2025-04-14 · Red Hat rating Important
    kernel-rt security update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux NFV E4S (v.9.0) kernel-rt-5.14.0-70.130.1.rt21.202.el9_0, kernel-rt-core-5.14.0-70.130.1.rt21.202.el9_0, kernel-rt-debug-5.14.0-70.130.1.rt21.202.el9_0 +9
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time E4S (v.9.0) kernel-rt-5.14.0-70.130.1.rt21.202.el9_0, kernel-rt-core-5.14.0-70.130.1.rt21.202.el9_0, kernel-rt-debug-5.14.0-70.130.1.rt21.202.el9_0 +7
  • RHSA-2025:3832 Released 2025-04-14 · Red Hat rating Moderate
    kernel security update
    • Red Hat CodeReady Linux Builder EUS (v.8.8) kernel-tools-libs-devel-4.18.0-477.95.1.el8_8
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS EUS (v.8.8) bpftool-4.18.0-477.95.1.el8_8, kernel-4.18.0-477.95.1.el8_8, kernel-abi-stablelists-4.18.0-477.95.1.el8_8 +19
  • RHSA-2025:3827 Released 2025-04-14 · Red Hat rating Moderate
    kernel security update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS AUS (v.8.6) bpftool-4.18.0-372.143.1.el8_6, kernel-4.18.0-372.143.1.el8_6, kernel-abi-stablelists-4.18.0-372.143.1.el8_6 +14
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS E4S (v.8.6) bpftool-4.18.0-372.143.1.el8_6, kernel-4.18.0-372.143.1.el8_6, kernel-abi-stablelists-4.18.0-372.143.1.el8_6 +19
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS TUS (v.8.6) bpftool-4.18.0-372.143.1.el8_6, kernel-4.18.0-372.143.1.el8_6, kernel-abi-stablelists-4.18.0-372.143.1.el8_6 +14

Vendor assessments

Red Hat

Red Hat rating: Moderate. Red Hat's page for this CVE →

ProductStatusPlan or fix
Red Hat CodeReady Linux Builder (v. 9)Fixed RHSA-2025:3937
Red Hat CodeReady Linux Builder EUS (v.8.8)Fixed RHSA-2025:3832
Red Hat CodeReady Linux Builder EUS (v.9.2)Fixed RHSA-2025:3888
Red Hat CodeReady Linux Builder EUS (v.9.4)Fixed RHSA-2025:3935
Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 9)Fixed RHSA-2025:3937
Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream E4S (v.9.0)Fixed RHSA-2025:3838
Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2)Fixed RHSA-2025:3888
Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.4)Fixed RHSA-2025:3935
Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS (v. 8)Fixed RHSA-2025:3893
Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS (v. 9)Fixed RHSA-2025:3937
Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS AUS (v. 8.2)Fixed RHSA-2025:3887
Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS AUS (v.8.4)Fixed RHSA-2025:3871
Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS AUS (v.8.6)Fixed RHSA-2025:3827
Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS E4S (v.8.4)Fixed RHSA-2025:3871
Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS E4S (v.8.6)Fixed RHSA-2025:3827
Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS E4S (v.9.0)Fixed RHSA-2025:3838
Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS EUS (v.8.8)Fixed RHSA-2025:3832
Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS EUS (v.9.2)Fixed RHSA-2025:3888
Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS EUS (v.9.4)Fixed RHSA-2025:3935
Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS TUS (v.8.4)Fixed RHSA-2025:3871
Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS TUS (v.8.6)Fixed RHSA-2025:3827
Red Hat Enterprise Linux CRB (v. 8)Fixed RHSA-2025:3893
Red Hat Enterprise Linux NFV (v. 8)Fixed RHSA-2025:3894
Red Hat Enterprise Linux NFV E4S (v.9.0)Fixed RHSA-2025:3839
Red Hat Enterprise Linux NFV TUS (v.8.4)Fixed RHSA-2025:3861
Red Hat Enterprise Linux RT (v. 8)Fixed RHSA-2025:3894
Red Hat Enterprise Linux RT TUS (v.8.4)Fixed RHSA-2025:3861
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time (v. 9)Fixed RHSA-2025:3937
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time E4S (v.9.0)Fixed RHSA-2025:3839
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time EUS (v.9.2)Fixed RHSA-2025:3889
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time EUS (v.9.4)Fixed RHSA-2025:3935
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time for NFV (v. 9)Fixed RHSA-2025:3937
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time for NFV EUS (v.9.2)Fixed RHSA-2025:3889
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time for NFV EUS (v.9.4)Fixed RHSA-2025:3935
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)Fixed RHSA-2025:3880
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server -EXTENSION(v. 6 ELS-EXTENSION)Fixed RHSA-2025:3931
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server AUS (v. 7.7)Fixed RHSA-2025:3903
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional (v. 7 ELS)Fixed RHSA-2025:3880
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional -EXTENSION (v. 6 ELS -EXTENSION)Fixed RHSA-2025:3931
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional AUS (v. 7.7)Fixed RHSA-2025:3903
Red Hat Enterprise Linux for Real Time (v. 7 ELS)Fixed RHSA-2025:3901
Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.12Fixed RHSA-2025:4409
Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.14Fixed RHSA-2025:4177
Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.15Fixed RHSA-2025:4422
Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.16Fixed RHSA-2025:4008
Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.17Fixed RHSA-2025:4012
Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.18Fixed RHSA-2025:4019
Not affected: 6 products
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
  • Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.12
  • Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.14
  • Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.15
  • Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.17
  • Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.18

Timeline

  1. 2025-04-09 Added to CISA KEV
  2. 2026-10-02 Threatist record created from CVE-2024-53150
  3. 2026-10-03 Alias added: GHSA-7vq8-4frp-4vcv
  4. 2026-10-09 Affected versions changed · Red Hat
  5. 2026-11-04 Fix available: RHSA-2025:4008 · Red Hat
  6. 2026-11-04 Fix available: RHSA-2025:4177 · Red Hat
  7. 2026-11-04 Fix available: RHSA-2025:4422 · Red Hat
  8. 2026-11-04 Fix available: RHSA-2025:4409 · Red Hat

References

Patch 8

  • TI-2025-26358 tls: fix handling of zero-length records on the rx_list KEVCVSS 3.1CRITICAL 9.8
  • TI-2026-38352 netfilter: bridge: make ebt_snat ARP rewrite writable KEVCVSS 3.1HIGH 8.8
  • TI-2013-05264 The (1) get_user and (2) put_user API functions in the Linux kernel before 3.5.5 on the… KEVCVSS 3.1HIGH 8.8
  • TI-2022-00125 Integer overflow in kernel KEVCVSS 3.1HIGH 8.4
  • TI-2013-01864 The perf_swevent_init function in kernel/events/core.c in the Linux kernel before 3.8.9… KEVCVSS 3.1HIGH 8.4
  • TI-2021-05514 Heap Out-Of-Bounds Write in Netfilter IP6T_SO_SET_REPLACE KEVCVSS 3.1HIGH 8.3
See all 15278 →

Sources

This product uses the NVD API but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD. Sources and licences