Information Disclosure and Denial-of-Service(DoS) Vulnerability in MELSEC iQ-F Series CPU module
Priority MEDIUM 49CWE-1285Published · Updated
Key facts
- Attack vector
- Network
- Privileges required
- None
- User interaction
- None
- Attack complexity
- Low
- Impact type
- —
- Confidentiality · integrity · availability
- High · None · High
- Fix status
- No fix listed
Attack profile from CVSS 3.1 · CNA. Fix status from CNA.
Summary
Improper Validation of Specified Index, Position, or Offset in Input vulnerability in Mitsubishi Electric Corporation MELSEC iQ-F Series CPU modules allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to read information in the product, to cause a Denial-of-Service (DoS) condition in MELSOFT connection, or to stop the operation of the CPU module (causing a DoS condtion on the CPU module), by sending specially crafted packets. The product is needed to reset for recovery.
Why it matters now
Exploitation None reported CISA SSVC · not in CISA KEV
EPSS 0.00862 58th percentileScored 2026-11-07
Fix No fix listed No fixed version in the sources yet
SSVC decision points
CISA ADP · SSVC 2.0.3
- Exploitation
- None
- Automatable
- Yes
- Technical impact
- Total
The decision (Track, Attend, Act) also depends on your mission and well-being impact; see CISA's SSVC guide.
Affected products
| Vendor | Product | Affected versions | Fixed in | Status | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-32MT/ES | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-32MT/DS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-32MT/ESS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-32MT/DSS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-32MR/ES | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-32MR/DS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-64MT/ES | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-64MT/DS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-64MT/ESS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-64MT/DSS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-64MR/ES | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-64MR/DS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-80MT/ES | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-80MT/DS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-80MT/ESS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-80MT/DSS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-80MR/ES | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-80MR/DS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UC-32MT/D | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UC-32MT/DSS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UC-64MT/D | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UC-64MT/DSS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UC-96MT/D | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UC-96MT/DSS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UC-32MT/DS-TS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UC-32MT/DSS-TS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UC-32MR/DS-TS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-24MT/ES | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-24MT/DS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-24MT/ESS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-24MT/DSS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-24MR/ES | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-24MR/DS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-40MT/ES | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-40MT/DS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-40MT/ESS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-40MT/DSS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-40MR/ES | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-40MR/DS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-60MT/ES | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-60MT/DS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-60MT/ESS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-60MT/DSS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-60MR/ES | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-60MR/DS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-24MT/ES-A | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-24MR/ES-A | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-40MT/ES-A | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-40MR/ES-A | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-60MT/ES-A | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-60MR/ES-A | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-30MT/ES | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-30MT/ESS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-30MR/ES | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-40MT/ES | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-40MT/ESS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-40MR/ES | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-60MT/ES | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-60MT/ESS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-60MR/ES | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-80MT/ES | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-80MT/ESS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-80MR/ES | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-30MT/DS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-30MT/DSS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-30MR/DS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-40MT/DS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-40MT/DSS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-40MR/DS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-60MT/DS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-60MT/DSS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-60MR/DS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-80MT/DS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-80MT/DSS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
| Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-80MR/DS | All versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-32MT/ES VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-32MT/DS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-32MT/ESS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-32MT/DSS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-32MR/ES VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-32MR/DS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-64MT/ES VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-64MT/DS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-64MT/ESS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-64MT/DSS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-64MR/ES VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-64MR/DS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-80MT/ES VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-80MT/DS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-80MT/ESS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-80MT/DSS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-80MR/ES VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5U-80MR/DS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UC-32MT/D VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UC-32MT/DSS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UC-64MT/D VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UC-64MT/DSS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UC-96MT/D VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UC-96MT/DSS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UC-32MT/DS-TS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UC-32MT/DSS-TS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UC-32MR/DS-TS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-24MT/ES VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-24MT/DS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-24MT/ESS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-24MT/DSS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-24MR/ES VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-24MR/DS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-40MT/ES VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-40MT/DS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-40MT/ESS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-40MT/DSS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-40MR/ES VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-40MR/DS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-60MT/ES VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-60MT/DS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-60MT/ESS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-60MT/DSS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-60MR/ES VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-60MR/DS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-24MT/ES-A VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-24MR/ES-A VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-40MT/ES-A VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-40MR/ES-A VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-60MT/ES-A VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5UJ-60MR/ES-A VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-30MT/ES VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-30MT/ESS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-30MR/ES VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-40MT/ES VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-40MT/ESS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-40MR/ES VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-60MT/ES VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-60MT/ESS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-60MR/ES VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-80MT/ES VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-80MT/ESS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-80MR/ES VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-30MT/DS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-30MT/DSS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-30MR/DS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-40MT/DS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-40MT/DSS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-40MR/DS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-60MT/DS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-60MT/DSS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-60MR/DS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-80MT/DS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-80MT/DSS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
- MELSEC iQ-F Series FX5S-80MR/DS VendorMitsubishi Electric Corporation Affected All versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
Remediation
No fixed version listed by the sources yet.
Timeline
- 2026-10-02 Threatist record created from CVE-2025-3755
- 2026-10-03 Alias added: GHSA-7r2m-8qrj-39h4
References
More Mitsubishi Electric Corporation vulnerabilities
- TI-2022-14737 Deserialization of untrusted data in Mitsubishi Electric Corporation GENESIS64 CVSS 3.1CRITICAL 9.8
- TI-2022-19113 Authentication Bypass Vulnerability in Web Server Function on MELSEC Series CVSS 3.1CRITICAL 9.1
- TI-2023-01345 Denial-of-Service and Remote Code Execution Vulnerability in MELSEC Series CPU module CVSS 3.1CRITICAL 10.0
- TI-2023-06346 Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')… CVSS 3.1CRITICAL 9.8
- TI-2023-03131 Denial of Service (DoS) and Remote Code Execution Vulnerability in MITSUBISHI CNC Series CVSS 3.1CRITICAL 9.8
- TI-2021-03821 Memory corruption in Mitsubishi Electric Corporation CPU Module Logging Configuration Tool CVSS 3.1CRITICAL 9.8
Sources
- CVE-2025-3755 · CVE Program
- CVE-2025-3755 · NVD
- FIRST EPSS
- GHSA-7r2m-8qrj-39h4 · GitHub Advisory Database · CC BY 4.0
This product uses the NVD API but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD. Sources and licences