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TI-2025-14414 Aliases CVE-2025-20112GHSA-xq83-m7pg-gg42

Cisco Unified Communications Products Privilege Escalation Vulnerability

Priority LOW 24CWE-268Published · Updated

Key facts

Attack vector
Local
Privileges required
High
User interaction
None
Attack complexity
Low
Impact type
—
Confidentiality · integrity · availability
Low · High · None
Fix status
No fix listed

Attack profile from CVSS 3.1 · CNA. Fix status from CNA.

Summary

A vulnerability in multiple Cisco Unified Communications and Contact Center Solutions products could allow an authenticated, local attacker to elevate privileges to root on an affected device. This vulnerability is due to excessive permissions that have been assigned to system commands. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by executing crafted commands on the underlying operating system. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to escape the restricted shell and gain root privileges on the underlying operating system of an affected device. To successfully exploit this vulnerability, an attacker would need administrative access to the ESXi hypervisor.

Why it matters now

Exploitation None reported CISA SSVC · not in CISA KEV
EPSS 0.00145 3rd percentileScored 2026-11-07
Fix No fix listed No fixed version in the sources yet

SSVC decision points

CISA ADP · SSVC 2.0.3

Exploitation
None
Automatable
No
Technical impact
Total

The decision (Track, Attend, Act) also depends on your mission and well-being impact; see CISA's SSVC guide.

Affected products

VendorProductAffected versionsFixed inStatusSource
CiscoCisco Emergency Responder12.5(1a); 12.5(1)SU1; 12.5(1); 12.5(1)SU2; 12.5(1)SU3; 12.5(1)SU4; 14; 12.5(1)SU5; 14SU1; 12.5(1)SU6; 14SU2; 12.5(1)SU7; 14SU3; 12.5(1)SU8; 12.5(1)SU8a; 12.5(1)SU8b; 14SU3a; 15; 15SU1; 15SU1a; 14SU4; 12.5(1)SU9—No fix listedCNA
CiscoCisco Finesse11.0(1)ES_Rollback; 10.5(1)ES4; 11.6(1)ES3; 11.0(1)ES2; 12.0(1)ES2; 10.5(1)ES3; 11.0(1); 11.6(1)FIPS; 11.6(1)ES4; 11.0(1)ES3; 10.5(1)ES6; 11.0(1)ES7; 11.5(1)ES4; 10.5(1)ES8; 11.5(1); 11.6(1); 10.5(1)ES10; 11.6(1)ES2; 11.6(1)ES; 11.0(1)ES6; 11.0(1)ES4; 12.0(1); 11.6(1)ES7; 10.5(1)ES7; 11.6(1)ES8; 11.5(1)ES1; 11.6(1)ES1; 11.5(1)ES5; 11.0(1)ES1; 10.5(1); 11.6(1)ES6; 10.5(1)ES2; 12.0(1)ES1; 11.0(1)ES5; 10.5(1)ES5; 11.5(1)ES3; 11.5(1)ES2; 10.5(1)ES9; 11.6(1)ES5; 11.6(1)ES9; 11.5(1)ES6; 10.5(1)ES1; 12.5(1); 12.0(1)ES3; 11.6(1)ES10; 12.5(1)ES1; 12.5(1)ES2; 12.0(1)ES4; 12.5(1)ES3; 12.0(1)ES5; 12.5(1)ES4; 12.0(1)ES6; 12.5(1)ES5; 12.5(1)ES6; 12.0(1)ES7; 12.6(1); 12.5(1)ES7; 11.6(1)ES11; 12.6(1)ES1; 12.0(1)ES8; 12.5(1)ES8; 12.6(1)ES2; 12.6(1)ES3; 12.6(1)ES4; 12.6(1)ES5; 12.5(2); 12.5(1)_SU; 12.5(1)SU; 12.6(1)ES6; 12.5(1)SU ES1; 12.6(1)ES7; 12.6(1)ES7_ET; 12.6(2); 12.6(1)ES8; 12.6(1)ES9; 12.6(2)ES1; 12.6(1)ES10; 12.5(1)SU ES2; 12.6(1)ES11; 12.6(2)ES2; 12.6(2)ES3; 12.5(1)SU ES3; 12.6(2)ES4; 12.6(2)ES6—No fix listedCNA
CiscoCisco Prime Collaboration Deployment11.5(1); 11.0(1a); 11.5(1)SU1; 10.5(3); 12.6(1); 11.0(1); 11.6(2); 12.1(1); 12.0(1a); 11.5(3); 10.5(1); 12.5(1); 11.5(2); 11.6(1); 10.5(2); 10.5(3)SU1; 14; 14SU1; 14SU2; 14SU3; 15; 15SU1; 14SU4—No fix listedCNA
CiscoCisco SocialMiner12.5(1)ES01; 10.5(1); 11.6(1); 10.6(1); 12.0(1)ES04; 10.6(2); 12.5(1); 11.6(2); 12.0(1); 12.0(1)ES02; 11.0(1); 11.5(1); 11.5(1)SU1; 12.0(1)ES03; 12.5(1)SU3; 12.5(1)SU1; 12.5(1)SU2—No fix listedCNA
CiscoCisco Unified Communications Manager12.5(1)SU2; 12.5(1)SU1; 12.5(1); 12.5(1)SU3; 12.5(1)SU4; 14; 12.5(1)SU5; 14SU1; 12.5(1)SU6; 14SU2; 12.5(1)SU7; 12.5(1)SU7a; 14SU3; 12.5(1)SU8; 12.5(1)SU8a; 15; 15SU1; 14SU4; 14SU4a; 15SU1a; 12.5(1)SU9—No fix listedCNA
CiscoCisco Unified Communications Manager IM and Presence Service12.5(1); 12.5(1)SU1; 12.5(1)SU2; 12.5(1)SU3; 12.5(1)SU4; 14; 12.5(1)SU5; 14SU1; 12.5(1)SU6; 14SU2; 14SU2a; 12.5(1)SU7; 14SU3; 12.5(1)SU8; 15; 15SU1; 14SU4; 12.5(1)SU9—No fix listedCNA
CiscoCisco Unified Contact Center Express10.5(1)SU1; 10.6(1); 11.6(1); 10.6(1)SU1; 10.6(1)SU3; 11.6(2); 12.0(1); 10.0(1)SU1; 11.0(1)SU1; 11.5(1)SU1; 10.5(1); 12.5(1); 12.5(1)SU1; 12.5(1)SU2; 12.5(1)SU3; 12.5(1)_SU03_ES01; 12.5(1)_SU03_ES02; 12.5(1)_SU02_ES03; 12.5(1)_SU02_ES04; 12.5(1)_SU02_ES02; 12.5(1)_SU01_ES02; 12.5(1)_SU01_ES03; 12.5(1)_SU02_ES01; 11.6(2)ES07; 11.6(2)ES08; 12.5(1)_SU01_ES01; 12.0(1)ES04; 12.5(1)ES02; 12.5(1)ES03; 11.6(2)ES06; 12.5(1)ES01; 12.0(1)ES03; 12.0(1)ES01; 11.6(2)ES05; 12.0(1)ES02; 11.6(2)ES04; 11.6(2)ES03; 11.6(2)ES02; 11.6(2)ES01; 10.6(1)SU3ES03; 11.0(1)SU1ES03; 10.6(1)SU3ES01; 10.5(1)SU1ES10; 10.0(1)SU1ES04; 11.5(1)SU1ES03; 11.6(1)ES02; 11.5(1)ES01; 9.0(2)SU3ES04; 10.6(1)SU2; 10.6(1)SU2ES04; 11.6(1)ES01; 10.6(1)SU3ES02; 11.5(1)SU1ES02; 11.5(1)SU1ES01; 8.5(1)SU4ES09; 8.5(1); 11.0(1)SU1ES02; 12.5(1)_SU03_ES03; 12.5(1)_SU03_ES04; 12.5(1)_SU03_ES05; 12.5(1)_SU03_ES06—No fix listedCNA
CiscoCisco Unified Intelligence Center11.6(1); 10.5(1); 11.0(1); 11.5(1); 12.0(1); 12.5(1); 11.0(2); 12.6(1); 12.5(1)SU; 12.6(1)_ET; 12.6(1)_ES05_ET; 11.0(3); 12.6(2); 12.6(2)_504_Issue_ET; 12.6.1_ExcelIssue_ET; 12.6(2)_Permalink_ET; 12.6.2_CSCwk19536_ET; 12.6.2_CSCwm96922_ET; 12.6.2_Amq_OOS_ET; 12.5(2)ET_CSCwi79933; 12.6(2)_ET; 12.6.2_CSCwn48501_ET—No fix listedCNA
CiscoCisco Unity Connection12.5(1); 12.5(1)SU1; 12.5(1)SU2; 12.5(1)SU3; 12.5(1)SU4; 14; 12.5(1)SU5; 14SU1; 12.5(1)SU6; 14SU2; 12.5(1)SU7; 14SU3; 12.5(1)SU8; 14SU3a; 12.5(1)SU8a; 15; 15SU1; 14SU4; 12.5(1)SU9—No fix listedCNA
CiscoCisco Virtualized Voice Browser11.0(1); 11.6(1)_ES84; 11.5(1)_ES54; 11.5(1)_ES27; 11.5(1); 11.5(1)ES36; 12.0(1)_ES01; 11.6(1)_ES85; 12.5(1)_ES05; 11.5(1)_ES32; 11.6(1)_ES83; 11.5(1)_ES29; 12.0(1)_ES06; 12.5(1); 12.0(1)_ES07; 11.6(1)_ES80; 12.0(1)_ES05; 11.5(1)_ES36; 11.5(1)_ES53; 12.5(1)_ES08; 11.5(1)ES43; 12.0(1)_ES03; 11.6(1)_ES86; 12.0(1)_ES04; 11.5(1)ES27; 12.5(1)_ES03; 11.6(1)_ES88; 12.5(1)_ES06; 11.6(1)_ES82; 11.6(1); 11.5(1)ES29; 12.5(1)_ES04; 12.5(1)_ES07; 11.6(1)_ES87; 11.6(1)_ES81; 12.0(1); 11.6(1)_ES22; 11.5(1)_ES43; 11.5(1)ES32; 12.0(1)_ES02; 12.5(1)_ES02; 12.6(1); 12.5(1)_ES09; 12.6(1)_ES01; 12.0(1)_ES08; 12.5(1)_ES10; 12.6(1)_ES02; 12.5(1)_ES11; 12.5(1)_ES12; 12.6(1)_ES03; 12.5(1)_ES13; 12.5(1)_ES14; 12.6(1)_ES04; 12.6(1)_ES05; 12.5(1)_ES15; 12.6(1)_ES06; 12.6(1)_ET; 12.5(1)_ES16; 12.5(1)SU; 12.5(1)_SU; 12.5(1)_SU_ES01; 12.6(1)_ES07; 12.6(2); 12.5(1)_ES17; 12.6(1)_ES08; 12.6(1)_ES09; 12.6(1)_ES10; 12.5(1)_SU_ES02; 12.6(2)_ES01; 12.6(2)_ET01; 12.5(2)_ET; 12.6(2)_ES02; 12.6(2)_ET_Streaming; 12.6(2)ET_Transcribe; 12.6(2)_ES03; 12.6(2)ET_NuanceMix; 12.6(2)ET_FileUpload; 12.6(2)_ET02; 12.6(2)_ES04; 12.6.2ET_RTPfallback; 12.6.2ET_CSCwf55306; 12.6.2_ET_CSCwj36712; 12.5.2 ET-CSCwj33374; 12.5(1) SU ET; 12.6(2)ET_CSCwj87296; 12.6(2)_ES05; 12.5.2_ET_CSCvz27014; 12.6(2)_ET; 12.6.2-ET; 12.6(2)ET_CSCwk83135; 12.6.2_ET_CX_ALAW; 12.6.2-ET01-SSL; 12.6(2)_ES06—No fix listedCNA
  • Cisco Emergency Responder VendorCisco Affected 12.5(1a); 12.5(1)SU1; 12.5(1); 12.5(1)SU2; 12.5(1)SU3; 12.5(1)SU4; 14; 12.5(1)SU5; 14SU1; 12.5(1)SU6; 14SU2; 12.5(1)SU7; 14SU3; 12.5(1)SU8; 12.5(1)SU8a; 12.5(1)SU8b; 14SU3a; 15; 15SU1; 15SU1a; 14SU4; 12.5(1)SU9 Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
  • Cisco Finesse VendorCisco Affected 11.0(1)ES_Rollback; 10.5(1)ES4; 11.6(1)ES3; 11.0(1)ES2; 12.0(1)ES2; 10.5(1)ES3; 11.0(1); 11.6(1)FIPS; 11.6(1)ES4; 11.0(1)ES3; 10.5(1)ES6; 11.0(1)ES7; 11.5(1)ES4; 10.5(1)ES8; 11.5(1); 11.6(1); 10.5(1)ES10; 11.6(1)ES2; 11.6(1)ES; 11.0(1)ES6; 11.0(1)ES4; 12.0(1); 11.6(1)ES7; 10.5(1)ES7; 11.6(1)ES8; 11.5(1)ES1; 11.6(1)ES1; 11.5(1)ES5; 11.0(1)ES1; 10.5(1); 11.6(1)ES6; 10.5(1)ES2; 12.0(1)ES1; 11.0(1)ES5; 10.5(1)ES5; 11.5(1)ES3; 11.5(1)ES2; 10.5(1)ES9; 11.6(1)ES5; 11.6(1)ES9; 11.5(1)ES6; 10.5(1)ES1; 12.5(1); 12.0(1)ES3; 11.6(1)ES10; 12.5(1)ES1; 12.5(1)ES2; 12.0(1)ES4; 12.5(1)ES3; 12.0(1)ES5; 12.5(1)ES4; 12.0(1)ES6; 12.5(1)ES5; 12.5(1)ES6; 12.0(1)ES7; 12.6(1); 12.5(1)ES7; 11.6(1)ES11; 12.6(1)ES1; 12.0(1)ES8; 12.5(1)ES8; 12.6(1)ES2; 12.6(1)ES3; 12.6(1)ES4; 12.6(1)ES5; 12.5(2); 12.5(1)_SU; 12.5(1)SU; 12.6(1)ES6; 12.5(1)SU ES1; 12.6(1)ES7; 12.6(1)ES7_ET; 12.6(2); 12.6(1)ES8; 12.6(1)ES9; 12.6(2)ES1; 12.6(1)ES10; 12.5(1)SU ES2; 12.6(1)ES11; 12.6(2)ES2; 12.6(2)ES3; 12.5(1)SU ES3; 12.6(2)ES4; 12.6(2)ES6 Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
  • Cisco Prime Collaboration Deployment VendorCisco Affected 11.5(1); 11.0(1a); 11.5(1)SU1; 10.5(3); 12.6(1); 11.0(1); 11.6(2); 12.1(1); 12.0(1a); 11.5(3); 10.5(1); 12.5(1); 11.5(2); 11.6(1); 10.5(2); 10.5(3)SU1; 14; 14SU1; 14SU2; 14SU3; 15; 15SU1; 14SU4 Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
  • Cisco SocialMiner VendorCisco Affected 12.5(1)ES01; 10.5(1); 11.6(1); 10.6(1); 12.0(1)ES04; 10.6(2); 12.5(1); 11.6(2); 12.0(1); 12.0(1)ES02; 11.0(1); 11.5(1); 11.5(1)SU1; 12.0(1)ES03; 12.5(1)SU3; 12.5(1)SU1; 12.5(1)SU2 Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
  • Cisco Unified Communications Manager VendorCisco Affected 12.5(1)SU2; 12.5(1)SU1; 12.5(1); 12.5(1)SU3; 12.5(1)SU4; 14; 12.5(1)SU5; 14SU1; 12.5(1)SU6; 14SU2; 12.5(1)SU7; 12.5(1)SU7a; 14SU3; 12.5(1)SU8; 12.5(1)SU8a; 15; 15SU1; 14SU4; 14SU4a; 15SU1a; 12.5(1)SU9 Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
  • Cisco Unified Communications Manager IM and Presence Service VendorCisco Affected 12.5(1); 12.5(1)SU1; 12.5(1)SU2; 12.5(1)SU3; 12.5(1)SU4; 14; 12.5(1)SU5; 14SU1; 12.5(1)SU6; 14SU2; 14SU2a; 12.5(1)SU7; 14SU3; 12.5(1)SU8; 15; 15SU1; 14SU4; 12.5(1)SU9 Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
  • Cisco Unified Contact Center Express VendorCisco Affected 10.5(1)SU1; 10.6(1); 11.6(1); 10.6(1)SU1; 10.6(1)SU3; 11.6(2); 12.0(1); 10.0(1)SU1; 11.0(1)SU1; 11.5(1)SU1; 10.5(1); 12.5(1); 12.5(1)SU1; 12.5(1)SU2; 12.5(1)SU3; 12.5(1)_SU03_ES01; 12.5(1)_SU03_ES02; 12.5(1)_SU02_ES03; 12.5(1)_SU02_ES04; 12.5(1)_SU02_ES02; 12.5(1)_SU01_ES02; 12.5(1)_SU01_ES03; 12.5(1)_SU02_ES01; 11.6(2)ES07; 11.6(2)ES08; 12.5(1)_SU01_ES01; 12.0(1)ES04; 12.5(1)ES02; 12.5(1)ES03; 11.6(2)ES06; 12.5(1)ES01; 12.0(1)ES03; 12.0(1)ES01; 11.6(2)ES05; 12.0(1)ES02; 11.6(2)ES04; 11.6(2)ES03; 11.6(2)ES02; 11.6(2)ES01; 10.6(1)SU3ES03; 11.0(1)SU1ES03; 10.6(1)SU3ES01; 10.5(1)SU1ES10; 10.0(1)SU1ES04; 11.5(1)SU1ES03; 11.6(1)ES02; 11.5(1)ES01; 9.0(2)SU3ES04; 10.6(1)SU2; 10.6(1)SU2ES04; 11.6(1)ES01; 10.6(1)SU3ES02; 11.5(1)SU1ES02; 11.5(1)SU1ES01; 8.5(1)SU4ES09; 8.5(1); 11.0(1)SU1ES02; 12.5(1)_SU03_ES03; 12.5(1)_SU03_ES04; 12.5(1)_SU03_ES05; 12.5(1)_SU03_ES06 Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
  • Cisco Unified Intelligence Center VendorCisco Affected 11.6(1); 10.5(1); 11.0(1); 11.5(1); 12.0(1); 12.5(1); 11.0(2); 12.6(1); 12.5(1)SU; 12.6(1)_ET; 12.6(1)_ES05_ET; 11.0(3); 12.6(2); 12.6(2)_504_Issue_ET; 12.6.1_ExcelIssue_ET; 12.6(2)_Permalink_ET; 12.6.2_CSCwk19536_ET; 12.6.2_CSCwm96922_ET; 12.6.2_Amq_OOS_ET; 12.5(2)ET_CSCwi79933; 12.6(2)_ET; 12.6.2_CSCwn48501_ET Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
  • Cisco Unity Connection VendorCisco Affected 12.5(1); 12.5(1)SU1; 12.5(1)SU2; 12.5(1)SU3; 12.5(1)SU4; 14; 12.5(1)SU5; 14SU1; 12.5(1)SU6; 14SU2; 12.5(1)SU7; 14SU3; 12.5(1)SU8; 14SU3a; 12.5(1)SU8a; 15; 15SU1; 14SU4; 12.5(1)SU9 Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
  • Cisco Virtualized Voice Browser VendorCisco Affected 11.0(1); 11.6(1)_ES84; 11.5(1)_ES54; 11.5(1)_ES27; 11.5(1); 11.5(1)ES36; 12.0(1)_ES01; 11.6(1)_ES85; 12.5(1)_ES05; 11.5(1)_ES32; 11.6(1)_ES83; 11.5(1)_ES29; 12.0(1)_ES06; 12.5(1); 12.0(1)_ES07; 11.6(1)_ES80; 12.0(1)_ES05; 11.5(1)_ES36; 11.5(1)_ES53; 12.5(1)_ES08; 11.5(1)ES43; 12.0(1)_ES03; 11.6(1)_ES86; 12.0(1)_ES04; 11.5(1)ES27; 12.5(1)_ES03; 11.6(1)_ES88; 12.5(1)_ES06; 11.6(1)_ES82; 11.6(1); 11.5(1)ES29; 12.5(1)_ES04; 12.5(1)_ES07; 11.6(1)_ES87; 11.6(1)_ES81; 12.0(1); 11.6(1)_ES22; 11.5(1)_ES43; 11.5(1)ES32; 12.0(1)_ES02; 12.5(1)_ES02; 12.6(1); 12.5(1)_ES09; 12.6(1)_ES01; 12.0(1)_ES08; 12.5(1)_ES10; 12.6(1)_ES02; 12.5(1)_ES11; 12.5(1)_ES12; 12.6(1)_ES03; 12.5(1)_ES13; 12.5(1)_ES14; 12.6(1)_ES04; 12.6(1)_ES05; 12.5(1)_ES15; 12.6(1)_ES06; 12.6(1)_ET; 12.5(1)_ES16; 12.5(1)SU; 12.5(1)_SU; 12.5(1)_SU_ES01; 12.6(1)_ES07; 12.6(2); 12.5(1)_ES17; 12.6(1)_ES08; 12.6(1)_ES09; 12.6(1)_ES10; 12.5(1)_SU_ES02; 12.6(2)_ES01; 12.6(2)_ET01; 12.5(2)_ET; 12.6(2)_ES02; 12.6(2)_ET_Streaming; 12.6(2)ET_Transcribe; 12.6(2)_ES03; 12.6(2)ET_NuanceMix; 12.6(2)ET_FileUpload; 12.6(2)_ET02; 12.6(2)_ES04; 12.6.2ET_RTPfallback; 12.6.2ET_CSCwf55306; 12.6.2_ET_CSCwj36712; 12.5.2 ET-CSCwj33374; 12.5(1) SU ET; 12.6(2)ET_CSCwj87296; 12.6(2)_ES05; 12.5.2_ET_CSCvz27014; 12.6(2)_ET; 12.6.2-ET; 12.6(2)ET_CSCwk83135; 12.6.2_ET_CX_ALAW; 12.6.2-ET01-SSL; 12.6(2)_ES06 Fixed in — No fix listed CNA

CPE names Threatist (inferred) · 4

Inferred from how NVD named this product before; not given by a source.

CPEVersionsRoleVendor
cpe:2.3:a:cisco:emergency_responder:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*——Cisco
cpe:2.3:a:cisco:unified_communications_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*——Cisco
cpe:2.3:a:cisco:unified_communications_manager_im_and_presence_service:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*——Cisco
cpe:2.3:a:cisco:unified_intelligence_center:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*——Cisco
  • cpe:2.3:a:cisco:emergency_responder:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions — — ·Cisco
  • cpe:2.3:a:cisco:unified_communications_manager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions — — ·Cisco
  • cpe:2.3:a:cisco:unified_communications_manager_im_and_presence_service:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions — — ·Cisco
  • cpe:2.3:a:cisco:unified_intelligence_center:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions — — ·Cisco

Remediation

No fixed version listed by the sources yet.

Timeline

  1. 2026-10-02 Threatist record created from CVE-2025-20112
  2. 2026-10-03 Alias added: GHSA-xq83-m7pg-gg42

References

Other 1

  • TI-2026-74174 Arbitrary file write in Cisco Secure Email Gateway via AMP feature KEVCVSS 3.1CRITICAL 9.8
  • TI-2026-53490 Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Manager System Account Authorization Bypass Vulnerability KEVCVSS 3.1CRITICAL 9.8
  • TI-2026-53489 Cisco Secure Email Gateway SQL Injection Vulnerability KEVCVSS 3.1CRITICAL 9.8
  • TI-2026-53488 Cisco Identity Services Engine Authentication Bypass Vulnerability KEVCVSS 3.1CRITICAL 10.0
  • TI-2026-16388 Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Controller Authentication Bypass Vulnerability KEVCVSS 3.1CRITICAL 10.0
  • TI-2026-16344 Cisco Secure Firewall Management Center Software Remote Code Execution Vulnerability KEVCVSS 3.1CRITICAL 10.0
See all 7059 →

Sources

This product uses the NVD API but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD. Sources and licences