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TI-2025-15941 Aliases CVE-2025-21991GHSA-vp9x-33x6-jvvm

x86/microcode/AMD: Fix out-of-bounds on systems with CPU-less NUMA nodes

Priority LOW 35CWE-129Published · Updated

Key facts

Attack vector
Local
Privileges required
Low
User interaction
None
Attack complexity
Low
Impact type
Code execution
Confidentiality · integrity · availability
High · High · High
Fix status
Partial Red Hat: 27 fixed, 1 without a fix

Attack profile from CVSS 3.1 · CISA ADP. Fix status from CNA and Red Hat. Impact type from CWE-129 and the CVSS impact.

Summary

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: x86/microcode/AMD: Fix out-of-bounds on systems with CPU-less NUMA nodes Currently, load_microcode_amd() iterates over all NUMA nodes, retrieves their CPU masks and unconditionally accesses per-CPU data for the first CPU of each mask. According to Documentation/admin-guide/mm/numaperf.rst: "Some memory may share the same node as a CPU, and others are provided as memory only nodes." Therefore, some node CPU masks may be empty and wouldn't have a "first CPU". On a machine with far memory (and therefore CPU-less NUMA nodes): - cpumask_of_node(nid) is 0 - cpumask_first(0) is CONFIG_NR_CPUS - cpu_data(CONFIG_NR_CPUS) accesses the cpu_info per-CPU array at an index that is 1 out of bounds This does not have any security implications since flashing microcode is a privileged operation but I believe this has reliability implications by potentially corrupting memory while flashing a microcode update. When booting with CONFIG_UBSAN_BOUNDS=y on an AMD machine that flashes a microcode update. I get the following splat: UBSAN: array-index-out-of-bounds in arch/x86/kernel/cpu/microcode/amd.c:X:Y index 512 is out of range for type 'unsigned long[512]' [...] Call Trace: dump_stack __ubsan_handle_out_of_bounds load_microcode_amd request_microcode_amd reload_store kernfs_fop_write_iter vfs_write ksys_write do_syscall_64 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe Change the loop to go over only NUMA nodes which have CPUs before determining whether the first CPU on the respective node needs microcode update. [ bp: Massage commit message, fix typo. ]

Why it matters now

Exploitation None reported CISA SSVC · not in CISA KEV
EPSS 0.00225 13th percentileScored 2026-11-07
Fix Partial Linux (Linux): 5.4.292, 5.10.236, 5.15.180 +8Red Hat: 9 advisoriesRed Hat: 27 fixed, 1 without a fix

SSVC decision points

CISA ADP · SSVC 2.0.3

Exploitation
None
Automatable
No
Technical impact
Total

The decision (Track, Attend, Act) also depends on your mission and well-being impact; see CISA's SSVC guide.

Affected products

VendorProductAffected versionsFixed inStatusSource
LinuxLinux5.4.235 to before 5.4.292; 5.10.173 to before 5.10.236; 5.15.99 to before 5.15.180; 6.1.16 to before 6.1.132; 4.14.308 to before 4.15; 4.19.276 to before 4.20; 6.2.3 to before 6.35.4.292, 5.10.236, 5.15.180, 6.1.132, 4.15, 4.20, 6.3Patch availableCNA
LinuxLinux6.3 and later5.4.292, 5.10.236, 5.15.180, 6.1.132, 6.6.84, 6.12.20, 6.13.8, 6.14Patch availableCNA
  • Linux VendorLinux Affected 5.4.235 to before 5.4.292; 5.10.173 to before 5.10.236; 5.15.99 to before 5.15.180; 6.1.16 to before 6.1.132; 4.14.308 to before 4.15; 4.19.276 to before 4.20; 6.2.3 to before 6.3 Fixed in 5.4.292, 5.10.236, 5.15.180, 6.1.132, 4.15, 4.20, 6.3 Patch available CNA
  • Linux VendorLinux Affected 6.3 and later Fixed in 5.4.292, 5.10.236, 5.15.180, 6.1.132, 6.6.84, 6.12.20, 6.13.8, 6.14 Patch available CNA

CPE configurations NVD · 7

CPEVersionsRoleVendor
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*4.14.308 to before 4.15; 4.19.276 to before 4.20; 5.4.235 to before 5.5; 5.10.173 to before 5.11; 5.15.99 to before 5.16; 6.1.16 to before 6.1.132; 6.2.3 to before 6.6.84; 6.7 to before 6.12.20; 6.13 to before 6.13.8VulnerableLinux
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.14:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*6.14 rc1VulnerableLinux
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.14:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*6.14 rc2VulnerableLinux
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.14:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*6.14 rc3VulnerableLinux
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.14:rc4:*:*:*:*:*:*6.14 rc4VulnerableLinux
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.14:rc5:*:*:*:*:*:*6.14 rc5VulnerableLinux
cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.14:rc6:*:*:*:*:*:*6.14 rc6VulnerableLinux
  • cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.14.308 to before 4.15; 4.19.276 to before 4.20; 5.4.235 to before 5.5; 5.10.173 to before 5.11; 5.15.99 to before 5.16; 6.1.16 to before 6.1.132; 6.2.3 to before 6.6.84; 6.7 to before 6.12.20; 6.13 to before 6.13.8 Vulnerable ·Linux
  • cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.14:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 6.14 rc1 Vulnerable ·Linux
  • cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.14:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 6.14 rc2 Vulnerable ·Linux
  • cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.14:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 6.14 rc3 Vulnerable ·Linux
  • cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.14:rc4:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 6.14 rc4 Vulnerable ·Linux
  • cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.14:rc5:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 6.14 rc5 Vulnerable ·Linux
  • cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.14:rc6:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 6.14 rc6 Vulnerable ·Linux

Remediation

  • Fix · CNA Linux (Linux) Fixed in 5.4.292, 5.10.236, 5.15.180, 6.1.132, 4.15, 4.20, 6.3
  • Fix · CNA Linux (Linux) Fixed in 5.4.292, 5.10.236, 5.15.180, 6.1.132, 6.6.84, 6.12.20, 6.13.8, 6.14

Red Hat 9 advisories

  • RHSA-2025:14094 Released 2025-08-19 · Red Hat rating Moderate
    kernel-rt security update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux NFV E4S (v.9.0) kernel-rt-5.14.0-70.142.1.rt21.214.el9_0, kernel-rt-core-5.14.0-70.142.1.rt21.214.el9_0, kernel-rt-debug-5.14.0-70.142.1.rt21.214.el9_0 +9
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time E4S (v.9.0) kernel-rt-5.14.0-70.142.1.rt21.214.el9_0, kernel-rt-core-5.14.0-70.142.1.rt21.214.el9_0, kernel-rt-debug-5.14.0-70.142.1.rt21.214.el9_0 +7
  • RHSA-2025:14054 Released 2025-08-19 · Red Hat rating Important
    kernel security update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream E4S (v.9.0) kernel-debug-devel-5.14.0-70.142.1.el9_0, kernel-debug-devel-matched-5.14.0-70.142.1.el9_0, kernel-devel-5.14.0-70.142.1.el9_0 +5
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS E4S (v.9.0) bpftool-5.14.0-70.142.1.el9_0, kernel-5.14.0-70.142.1.el9_0, kernel-abi-stablelists-5.14.0-70.142.1.el9_0 +14
  • RHSA-2025:13781 Released 2025-08-13 · Red Hat rating Moderate
    kernel security update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream E4S (v.9.2) kernel-64k-debug-devel-5.14.0-284.130.1.el9_2, kernel-64k-debug-devel-matched-5.14.0-284.130.1.el9_2, kernel-64k-devel-5.14.0-284.130.1.el9_2 +10
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS E4S (v.9.2) bpftool-7.0.0-284.130.1.el9_2, kernel-5.14.0-284.130.1.el9_2, kernel-64k-5.14.0-284.130.1.el9_2 +29
Show 6 more Red Hat advisories
  • RHSA-2025:13633 Released 2025-08-11 · Red Hat rating Moderate
    kernel-rt security update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time E4S (v.9.2) kernel-rt-5.14.0-284.130.1.rt14.415.el9_2, kernel-rt-core-5.14.0-284.130.1.rt14.415.el9_2, kernel-rt-debug-5.14.0-284.130.1.rt14.415.el9_2 +9
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time for NFV E4S (v.9.2) kernel-rt-5.14.0-284.130.1.rt14.415.el9_2, kernel-rt-core-5.14.0-284.130.1.rt14.415.el9_2, kernel-rt-debug-5.14.0-284.130.1.rt14.415.el9_2 +11
  • RHSA-2025:13135 Released 2025-08-06 · Red Hat rating Important
    kernel security update
    • Red Hat CodeReady Linux Builder EUS (v.9.4) kernel-tools-libs-devel-5.14.0-427.81.1.el9_4, libperf-5.14.0-427.81.1.el9_4
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.4) kernel-64k-debug-devel-5.14.0-427.81.1.el9_4, kernel-64k-debug-devel-matched-5.14.0-427.81.1.el9_4, kernel-64k-devel-5.14.0-427.81.1.el9_4 +11
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS EUS (v.9.4) bpftool-7.3.0-427.81.1.el9_4, kernel-5.14.0-427.81.1.el9_4, kernel-64k-5.14.0-427.81.1.el9_4 +29
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time EUS (v.9.4) kernel-rt-5.14.0-427.81.1.el9_4, kernel-rt-core-5.14.0-427.81.1.el9_4, kernel-rt-debug-5.14.0-427.81.1.el9_4 +9
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time for NFV EUS (v.9.4) kernel-rt-5.14.0-427.81.1.el9_4, kernel-rt-core-5.14.0-427.81.1.el9_4, kernel-rt-debug-5.14.0-427.81.1.el9_4 +11
  • RHSA-2025:11298 Released 2025-07-16 · Red Hat rating Moderate
    kernel security update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS (v. 8) bpftool-4.18.0-553.62.1.el8_10, kernel-4.18.0-553.62.1.el8_10, kernel-abi-stablelists-4.18.0-553.62.1.el8_10 +19
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux CRB (v. 8) kernel-tools-libs-devel-4.18.0-553.62.1.el8_10
  • RHSA-2025:11299 Released 2025-07-16 · Red Hat rating Moderate
    kernel-rt security update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux NFV (v. 8) kernel-rt-4.18.0-553.62.1.rt7.403.el8_10, kernel-rt-core-4.18.0-553.62.1.rt7.403.el8_10, kernel-rt-debug-4.18.0-553.62.1.rt7.403.el8_10 +9
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux RT (v. 8) kernel-rt-4.18.0-553.62.1.rt7.403.el8_10, kernel-rt-core-4.18.0-553.62.1.rt7.403.el8_10, kernel-rt-debug-4.18.0-553.62.1.rt7.403.el8_10 +7
  • RHSA-2025:10837 Released 2025-07-14 · Red Hat rating Moderate
    kernel security update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 9) kernel-64k-debug-devel-5.14.0-570.26.1.el9_6, kernel-64k-debug-devel-matched-5.14.0-570.26.1.el9_6, kernel-64k-devel-5.14.0-570.26.1.el9_6 +12
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS (v. 9) kernel-5.14.0-570.26.1.el9_6, kernel-64k-5.14.0-570.26.1.el9_6, kernel-64k-core-5.14.0-570.26.1.el9_6 +28
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux CodeReady Linux Builder (v. 9) kernel-tools-libs-devel-5.14.0-570.26.1.el9_6, libperf-5.14.0-570.26.1.el9_6
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time (v. 9) kernel-rt-5.14.0-570.26.1.el9_6, kernel-rt-64k-5.14.0-570.26.1.el9_6, kernel-rt-64k-core-5.14.0-570.26.1.el9_6 +21
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time for NFV (v. 9) kernel-rt-5.14.0-570.26.1.el9_6, kernel-rt-core-5.14.0-570.26.1.el9_6, kernel-rt-debug-5.14.0-570.26.1.el9_6 +11
  • RHSA-2025:10371 Released 2025-07-07 · Red Hat rating Important
    kernel security update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 10) kernel-64k-debug-devel-6.12.0-55.20.1.el10_0, kernel-64k-debug-devel-matched-6.12.0-55.20.1.el10_0, kernel-64k-devel-6.12.0-55.20.1.el10_0 +12
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS (v. 10) kernel-6.12.0-55.20.1.el10_0, kernel-64k-6.12.0-55.20.1.el10_0, kernel-64k-core-6.12.0-55.20.1.el10_0 +28
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux CodeReady Linux Builder (v. 10) kernel-tools-libs-devel-6.12.0-55.20.1.el10_0, libperf-6.12.0-55.20.1.el10_0
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time (v. 10) kernel-rt-6.12.0-55.20.1.el10_0, kernel-rt-64k-6.12.0-55.20.1.el10_0, kernel-rt-64k-core-6.12.0-55.20.1.el10_0 +21
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time for NFV (v. 10) kernel-rt-6.12.0-55.20.1.el10_0, kernel-rt-core-6.12.0-55.20.1.el10_0, kernel-rt-debug-6.12.0-55.20.1.el10_0 +11

Vendor assessments

Red Hat

Red Hat rating: Moderate. Red Hat's page for this CVE →

ProductStatusPlan or fix
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9AffectedNo fix yet
Red Hat CodeReady Linux Builder EUS (v.9.4)Fixed RHSA-2025:13135
Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 10)Fixed RHSA-2025:10371
Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 9)Fixed RHSA-2025:10837
Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream E4S (v.9.0)Fixed RHSA-2025:14054
Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream E4S (v.9.2)Fixed RHSA-2025:13781
Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.4)Fixed RHSA-2025:13135
Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS (v. 10)Fixed RHSA-2025:10371
Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS (v. 8)Fixed RHSA-2025:11298
Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS (v. 9)Fixed RHSA-2025:10837
Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS E4S (v.9.0)Fixed RHSA-2025:14054
Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS E4S (v.9.2)Fixed RHSA-2025:13781
Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS EUS (v.9.4)Fixed RHSA-2025:13135
Red Hat Enterprise Linux CRB (v. 8)Fixed RHSA-2025:11298
Red Hat Enterprise Linux CodeReady Linux Builder (v. 10)Fixed RHSA-2025:10371
Red Hat Enterprise Linux CodeReady Linux Builder (v. 9)Fixed RHSA-2025:10837
Red Hat Enterprise Linux NFV (v. 8)Fixed RHSA-2025:11299
Red Hat Enterprise Linux NFV E4S (v.9.0)Fixed RHSA-2025:14094
Red Hat Enterprise Linux RT (v. 8)Fixed RHSA-2025:11299
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time (v. 10)Fixed RHSA-2025:10371
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time (v. 9)Fixed RHSA-2025:10837
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time E4S (v.9.0)Fixed RHSA-2025:14094
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time E4S (v.9.2)Fixed RHSA-2025:13633
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time EUS (v.9.4)Fixed RHSA-2025:13135
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time for NFV (v. 10)Fixed RHSA-2025:10371
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time for NFV (v. 9)Fixed RHSA-2025:10837
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time for NFV E4S (v.9.2)Fixed RHSA-2025:13633
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Real Time for NFV EUS (v.9.4)Fixed RHSA-2025:13135
Not affected: 2 products
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7

Timeline

  1. 2026-10-02 Threatist record created from CVE-2025-21991
  2. 2026-10-03 Alias added: GHSA-vp9x-33x6-jvvm

References

  • TI-2025-26358 tls: fix handling of zero-length records on the rx_list KEVCVSS 3.1CRITICAL 9.8
  • TI-2026-38352 netfilter: bridge: make ebt_snat ARP rewrite writable KEVCVSS 3.1HIGH 8.8
  • TI-2013-05264 The (1) get_user and (2) put_user API functions in the Linux kernel before 3.5.5 on the… KEVCVSS 3.1HIGH 8.8
  • TI-2022-00125 Integer overflow in kernel KEVCVSS 3.1HIGH 8.4
  • TI-2013-01864 The perf_swevent_init function in kernel/events/core.c in the Linux kernel before 3.8.9… KEVCVSS 3.1HIGH 8.4
  • TI-2021-05514 Heap Out-Of-Bounds Write in Netfilter IP6T_SO_SET_REPLACE KEVCVSS 3.1HIGH 8.3
See all 15278 →

Sources