Cleartext transmission of sensitive information in Moxa UC-1200A Series
Key facts
- Attack vector
- Physical
- Privileges required
- None
- User interaction
- None
- Attack complexity
- Low
- Attack requirements
- None
- Impact type
- Information disclosure
- Confidentiality · integrity · availability
- High · High · High
- Fix status
- No fix listed
Attack profile from CVSS 4.0 · CNA. Fix status from CNA. Impact type from CWE-319.
Summary
A physical attack vulnerability exists in certain Moxa industrial computers using TPM-backed LUKS full-disk encryption on Moxa Industrial Linux 3, where the discrete TPM is connected to the CPU via an SPI bus. Exploitation requires invasive physical access, including opening the device and attaching external equipment to the SPI bus to capture TPM communications. If successful, the captured data may allow offline decryption of eMMC contents. This attack cannot be performed through brief or opportunistic physical access and requires extended physical access, possession of the device, appropriate equipment, and sufficient time for signal capture and analysis. Remote exploitation is not possible.
Why it matters now
SSVC decision points
CISA ADP · SSVC 2.0.3
- Exploitation
- None
- Automatable
- No
- Technical impact
- Total
The decision (Track, Attend, Act) also depends on your mission and well-being impact; see CISA's SSVC guide.
Affected products
| Vendor | Product | Affected versions | Fixed in | Status | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moxa | UC-1200A Series | 1.0 – 1.4 | — | No fix listed | CNA |
- UC-1200A Series VendorMoxa Affected 1.0 – 1.4 Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
CPE configurations NVD · 70
| CPE | Versions | Role | Vendor |
|---|---|---|---|
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-1222a_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.4 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-1222a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-2222a-t-us_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.4 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-2222a-t-us:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-2222a-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.4 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-2222a-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-2222a-t-ap_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.4 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-2222a-t-ap:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-2222a-t-eu_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.4 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-2222a-t-eu:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-1222a_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.4 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-1222a:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-2222a-t-us_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.4 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-2222a-t-us:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-2222a-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.4 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-2222a-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-2222a-t-ap_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.4 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-2222a-t-ap:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-2222a-t-eu_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.4 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-2222a-t-eu:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
Show 60 more CPE
| CPE | Versions | Role | Vendor |
|---|---|---|---|
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-3434a-t-lte-wifi_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.2 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-3434a-t-lte-wifi:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-3424a-t-lte_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.2 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-3424a-t-lte:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-3420a-t-lte_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.2 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-3420a-t-lte:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-3430a-t-lte-wifi_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.2 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-3430a-t-lte-wifi:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-4450a-t-5g_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.3 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-4450a-t-5g:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-4434a-i-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.3 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-4434a-i-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-4410a-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.3 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-4410a-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-4454a-t-5g_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.3 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-4454a-t-5g:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-4414a-i-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.3 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-4414a-i-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-4430a-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.3 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-4430a-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-8210-t-lx-s_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.5 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-8210-t-lx-s:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-8220-t-lx-eu-s_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.5 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-8220-t-lx-eu-s:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-8220-t-lx-ap-s_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.5 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-8220-t-lx-ap-s:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-8220-t-lx-us-s_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.5 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-8220-t-lx-us-s:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-8220-t-lx_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.5 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-8220-t-lx:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v1202-ct-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.2.0 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v1202-ct-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v1222-ct-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.2.0 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v1222-ct-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v1222-w-ct-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.2.0 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v1222-w-ct-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v2406c-kl7-ct-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.2 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v2406c-kl7-ct-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v2406c-kl7-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.2 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v2406c-kl7-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v2406c-wl7-ct-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.2 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v2406c-wl7-ct-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v2406c-wl5-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.2 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v2406c-wl5-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v2406c-kl1-ct-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.2 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v2406c-kl1-ct-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v2406c-wl3-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.2 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v2406c-wl3-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v2406c-wl1-ct-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.2 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v2406c-wl1-ct-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v2406c-kl3-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.2 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v2406c-kl3-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v2406c-wl1-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.2 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v2406c-wl1-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v2406c-kl1-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.2 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v2406c-kl1-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v2406c-wl7-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.2 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v2406c-wl7-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v2406c-kl5-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 1.2 | Vulnerable | Moxa |
| cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v2406c-kl5-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | not specified by NVD | Running on | Moxa |
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-3434a-t-lte-wifi_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.2 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-3434a-t-lte-wifi:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-3424a-t-lte_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.2 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-3424a-t-lte:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-3420a-t-lte_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.2 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-3420a-t-lte:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-3430a-t-lte-wifi_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.2 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-3430a-t-lte-wifi:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-4450a-t-5g_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.3 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-4450a-t-5g:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-4434a-i-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.3 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-4434a-i-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-4410a-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.3 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-4410a-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-4454a-t-5g_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.3 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-4454a-t-5g:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-4414a-i-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.3 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-4414a-i-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-4430a-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.3 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-4430a-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-8210-t-lx-s_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.5 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-8210-t-lx-s:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-8220-t-lx-eu-s_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.5 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-8220-t-lx-eu-s:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-8220-t-lx-ap-s_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.5 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-8220-t-lx-ap-s:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-8220-t-lx-us-s_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.5 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-8220-t-lx-us-s:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:uc-8220-t-lx_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.5 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:uc-8220-t-lx:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v1202-ct-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.2.0 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v1202-ct-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v1222-ct-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.2.0 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v1222-ct-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v1222-w-ct-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.2.0 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v1222-w-ct-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v2406c-kl7-ct-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.2 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v2406c-kl7-ct-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v2406c-kl7-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.2 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v2406c-kl7-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v2406c-wl7-ct-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.2 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v2406c-wl7-ct-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v2406c-wl5-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.2 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v2406c-wl5-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v2406c-kl1-ct-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.2 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v2406c-kl1-ct-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v2406c-wl3-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.2 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v2406c-wl3-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v2406c-wl1-ct-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.2 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v2406c-wl1-ct-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v2406c-kl3-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.2 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v2406c-kl3-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v2406c-wl1-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.2 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v2406c-wl1-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v2406c-kl1-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.2 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v2406c-kl1-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v2406c-wl7-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.2 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v2406c-wl7-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:o:moxa:v2406c-kl5-t_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 1.2 Vulnerable ·Moxa
- cpe:2.3:h:moxa:v2406c-kl5-t:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Moxa
Remediation
No fixed version listed by the sources yet.
Fixed in the same release
Records fixed by the same vendor advisory or release, as the CNA lists them.
- Advisory ·
Moxa UC-1200A Series — moxa.com/en/support/product-support/security-advisory/mpsa-…
2 records Highest priority Priority LOW 2 LOW
Other records, highest priority first
- TI-2026-00504 Insufficiently protected credentials in Moxa UC-1200A SeriesPriority LOW 32
Timeline
- 2026-10-02 Threatist record created from CVE-2026-0714
- 2026-10-03 Alias added: GHSA-jggw-c47g-3w3q
References
More Moxa Uc-1222a Firmware vulnerabilities
- TI-2026-00504 Insufficiently protected credentials in Moxa UC-1200A Series CVSS 4.0HIGH 7.0
Sources
- CVE-2026-0714 · CVE Program
- CVE-2026-0714 · NVD
- FIRST EPSS
- GHSA-jggw-c47g-3w3q · GitHub Advisory Database · CC BY 4.0
This product uses the NVD API but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD. Sources and licences