ZEBRA: Block Validator Undercounts Coinbase and P2SH Sigops
Priority MEDIUM 47CWE-682Published · Updated
Key facts
- Attack vector
- Network
- Privileges required
- None
- User interaction
- None
- Attack complexity
- Low
- Attack requirements
- None
- Impact type
- —
- Confidentiality · integrity · availability
- None · High · None
- Fix status
- Fixed
Attack profile from CVSS 4.0 · CNA. Fix status from CNA and GitHub.
Summary
ZEBRA is a Zcash node written entirely in Rust. Prior to version 4.4.0, Zebra's block validator undercounts transparent signature operations against the 20000-sigop block limit (MAX_BLOCK_SIGOPS), allowing it to accept blocks that zcashd rejects with bad-blk-sigops. A miner who produces such a block can split the network: Zebra nodes follow the offending chain while zcashd nodes do not. This issue has been patched in version 4.4.0.
Why it matters now
Exploitation None reported CISA SSVC · not in CISA KEV
EPSS 0.00283 20th percentileScored 2026-11-07
Fix Fixed zebra (ZcashFoundation): 4.4.0zebrad (crates.io): 4.4.0
SSVC decision points
CISA ADP · SSVC 2.0.3
- Exploitation
- None
- Automatable
- Yes
- Technical impact
- Total
The decision (Track, Attend, Act) also depends on your mission and well-being impact; see CISA's SSVC guide.
Affected products
| Vendor | Product | Affected versions | Fixed in | Status | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZcashFoundation | zebra | before 4.4.0 | 4.4.0 | Patch available | CNA |
| — | zebrad (crates.io) | before 4.4.0 | 4.4.0 | Patch available | GHSA-jv4h-j224-23cc |
- zebra VendorZcashFoundation Affected before 4.4.0 Fixed in 4.4.0 Patch available CNA
- zebrad (crates.io) Vendor— Affected before 4.4.0 Fixed in 4.4.0 Patch available GHSA-jv4h-j224-23cc
CPE configurations NVD · 1
| CPE | Versions | Role | Vendor |
|---|---|---|---|
| cpe:2.3:a:zfnd:zebrad:*:*:*:*:*:rust:*:* | before 4.4.0 | Vulnerable | ZcashFoundation |
- cpe:2.3:a:zfnd:zebrad:*:*:*:*:*:rust:*:* Versions before 4.4.0 Vulnerable ·ZcashFoundation
Remediation
- Fix · CNA zebra (ZcashFoundation) Fixed in 4.4.0
- Fix · GHSA-jv4h-j224-23cc zebrad (crates.io) Fixed in 4.4.0 Advisory →
Timeline
- 2026-10-02 Threatist record created from CVE-2026-44498
- 2026-10-03 Alias added: GHSA-jv4h-j224-23cc
References
More ZcashFoundation Zebrad vulnerabilities
- TI-2026-29537 Zebra: addr/addrv2 Deserialization Resource Exhaustion CVSS 4.0MEDIUM 6.3
- TI-2026-30136 ZEBRA: Consensus Divergence in Transparent Sighash Hash-Type Handling CVSS 4.0CRITICAL 9.3
- TI-2026-32431 ZEBRA: Consensus Divergence in Transparent Sighash Hash-Type Handling due to Stale Buffer CVSS 4.0CRITICAL 9.3
- TI-2026-30137 ZEBRA: rk Identity Point Panic in Transaction Verification CVSS 4.0CRITICAL 9.2
- TI-2026-29536 Zebra: Cached Mempool Verification Bypasses Consensus Rules for Ahead-of-Tip Blocks CVSS 4.0HIGH 7.2
- TI-2026-32434 ZEBRA: Allocation Amplification in Inbound Network Deserializers CVSS 3.1MEDIUM 5.3
Sources
- CVE-2026-44498 · CVE Program
- CVE-2026-44498 · NVD
- FIRST EPSS
- GHSA-jv4h-j224-23cc · GitHub Advisory Database · CC BY 4.0
This product uses the NVD API but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD. Sources and licences