urllib3: HTTPS proxy TLS configuration may be ignored or overridden
Key facts
- Attack vector
- Network
- Privileges required
- None
- User interaction
- Passive
- Attack complexity
- Low
- Attack requirements
- Present
- Impact type
- Spoofing
- Confidentiality · integrity · availability
- High · High · None
- Fix status
- Partial Red Hat: 24 fixed, 18 without a fix
Attack profile from CVSS 4.0 · CNA. Fix status from CNA, GitHub and Red Hat. Impact type from CWE-295.
Summary
urllib3 is an HTTP client library for Python. From 1.26.0 until 2.8.0, the proxy_ssl_context, proxy_assert_hostname, proxy_assert_fingerprint, ssl_context, cert_reqs, verify_mode, use_forwarding_for_https=True, and CERT_NONE configuration paths fail to remain separated because target-server TLS settings are incorrectly applied to the HTTPS proxy connection. The trigger is that an application uses an HTTPS proxy and configures target-server TLS settings that must remain separate from the proxy TLS handshake, including HTTPS forwarding with target-specific identity or credentials. Applying cert_reqs=CERT_NONE can overwrite proxy_ssl_context.verify_mode in place, and the mutation persists so later connections reusing the same context may connect to the HTTPS proxy without certificate verification. The attack mechanism is that an attacker intercepts and impersonates the HTTPS proxy after the effective proxy policy accepts the attacker's certificate. The impact is that the attacker can observe or modify forwarded traffic or receive a target TLS client certificate, while CONNECT tunneling still preserves the separate end-to-end target TLS connection. This issue is fixed in version 2.8.0.
Why it matters now
SSVC decision points
CISA ADP · SSVC 2.0.3
- Exploitation
- None
- Automatable
- No
- Technical impact
- Total
The decision (Track, Attend, Act) also depends on your mission and well-being impact; see CISA's SSVC guide.
Affected products
| Vendor | Product | Affected versions | Fixed in | Status | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| python-pillow | urllib3 | 1.26.0 to before 2.8.0 | 2.8.0 | Patch available | CNA |
| — | urllib3 (PyPI) | 1.26.0 to before 2.8.0 | 2.8.0 | Patch available | GHSA-8988-9cw3-xx77 |
- urllib3 Vendorpython-pillow Affected 1.26.0 to before 2.8.0 Fixed in 2.8.0 Patch available CNA
- urllib3 (PyPI) Vendor— Affected 1.26.0 to before 2.8.0 Fixed in 2.8.0 Patch available GHSA-8988-9cw3-xx77
CPE configurations NVD · 1
| CPE | Versions | Role | Vendor |
|---|---|---|---|
| cpe:2.3:a:python:urllib3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.26.0 to before 2.8.0 | Vulnerable | python-pillow |
- cpe:2.3:a:python:urllib3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.26.0 to before 2.8.0 Vulnerable ·python-pillow
Remediation
- Fix · CNA urllib3 (urllib3) Fixed in 2.8.0
- Fix · GHSA-8988-9cw3-xx77 urllib3 (PyPI) Fixed in 2.8.0 Advisory →
Red Hat 34 advisories
- RHSA-2026:95655 Released 2026-11-05 · Red Hat rating CriticalSatellite 6.16 EUS security update
- Red Hat Satellite 6.16 for RHEL 8 openvox-agent-8.32.0-1.el8sat, openvox-server-8.18.0-1.el8sat, python-brotli-1.2.1-1.el8pc +11
- Red Hat Satellite 6.16 for RHEL 9 openvox-agent-8.32.0-1.el9sat, openvox-server-8.18.0-1.el9sat, python-brotli-1.2.1-1.el9pc +11
- RHSA-2026:95657 Released 2026-11-05 · Red Hat rating CriticalSatellite 6.18 security update
- Red Hat Satellite 6.18 for RHEL 9 openvox-agent-8.32.0-1.el9sat, openvox-server-8.18.0-1.el9sat, python3.12-brotli-1.2.1-1.el9pc +4
- RHSA-2026:95656 Released 2026-11-05 · Red Hat rating CriticalSatellite 6.17 security update
- Red Hat Satellite 6.17 for RHEL 9 openvox-agent-8.32.0-1.el9sat, openvox-server-8.18.0-1.el9sat, python-brotli-1.2.1-1.el9pc +9
Show 31 more Red Hat advisories
- RHSA-2026:95365 Released 2026-11-04 · Red Hat rating CriticalRed Hat Cost Management On-Premise container image update
- Red Hat Cost Management On-Premise 1 registry.redhat.io/costmanagement/costmanagement-ui-rhel10
- RHSA-2026:95267 Released 2026-11-04 · Red Hat rating CriticalRHTAS 1.5.1 - Tech Preview Release Of the Sigstore A2A 0.0.2
- Red Hat Trusted Artifact Signer 1.5 registry.redhat.io/rhtas/rh-sigstore-a2a-rhel9
- RHSA-2026:94802 Released 2026-11-04 · Red Hat rating CriticalA Subscription Management tool for finding and reporting Red Hat product usage
- Red Hat Discovery 2 registry.redhat.io/discovery/discovery-server-rhel9, registry.redhat.io/discovery/discovery-ui-rhel9
- RHSA-2026:85930 Released 2026-11-02 · Red Hat rating Importantpython-urllib3 security update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS (v. 10) python-urllib3-1.26.19-4.el10_2.2, python3-urllib3-1.26.19-4.el10_2.2
- RHSA-2026:92861 Released 2026-10-29 · Red Hat rating CriticalSatellite 6.19 security update
- Red Hat Satellite 6.19 for RHEL 9 openvox-agent-8.31.1-1.el9sat, openvox-server-8.17.0-1.el9sat, python3.12-brotli-1.2.1-1.el9pc +6
- RHSA-2026:92667 Released 2026-10-29 · Red Hat rating Criticalsatellite/foreman-mcp-server-rhel9 container image available as a Technology Preview
- Red Hat Satellite 6.18 registry.redhat.io/satellite/foreman-mcp-server-rhel9
- RHSA-2026:92666 Released 2026-10-29 · Red Hat rating Criticalsatellite/foreman-mcp-server-rhel9 container image available as a Technology Preview
- Red Hat Satellite 6.19 registry.redhat.io/satellite/foreman-mcp-server-rhel9
- RHSA-2026:92474 Released 2026-10-29 · Red Hat rating Importantpython3.12-urllib3 security update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8) python3.12-urllib3-1.26.19-5.el8_10
- RHSA-2026:92510 Released 2026-10-29 · Red Hat rating CriticalRHOAI 3.4.6 - Red Hat OpenShift AI
- Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.4 registry.redhat.io/rhoai/odh-built-in-detector-rhel9, registry.redhat.io/rhoai/odh-cli-rhel9, registry.redhat.io/rhoai/odh-dashboard-rhel9 +47
- RHSA-2026:92452 Released 2026-10-29 · Red Hat rating CriticalRed Hat Enterprise Linux AI 3.5.2 enhancement update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI 3.5 registry.redhat.io/rhelai3/bootc-aws-cuda-rhel9, registry.redhat.io/rhelai3/bootc-azure-cuda-rhel9, registry.redhat.io/rhelai3/bootc-azure-rocm-rhel9 +3
- RHSA-2026:92449 Released 2026-10-29 · Red Hat rating CriticalRed Hat Enterprise Linux AI 3.5.2 enhancement update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI 3.5 registry.redhat.io/rhelai3/disk-image-cuda-rhel9
- RHSA-2026:90494 Released 2026-10-26 · Red Hat rating Importantpython-urllib3 security update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS (v. 9) python-urllib3-1.26.5-8.el9_8.2, python3-urllib3-1.26.5-8.el9_8.2
- RHSA-2026:90440 Released 2026-10-26 · Red Hat rating ImportantRed Hat Enterprise Linux AI 3.4.6 security update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI 3.4 registry.redhat.io/rhelai3/bootc-aws-cuda-rhel9, registry.redhat.io/rhelai3/bootc-azure-cuda-rhel9, registry.redhat.io/rhelai3/bootc-azure-rocm-rhel9 +3
- RHSA-2026:90432 Released 2026-10-26 · Red Hat rating ImportantRed Hat Enterprise Linux AI 3.4.6 security update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI 3.4 registry.redhat.io/rhelai3/disk-image-cuda-rhel9
- RHSA-2026:87124 Released 2026-10-21 · Red Hat rating CriticalRed Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.7 Container Release Update
- Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.7 registry.redhat.io/ansible-automation-platform-27/de-supported-rhel9, registry.redhat.io/ansible-automation-platform-27/eda-controller-rhel9, registry.redhat.io/ansible-automation-platform-27/ee-supported-rhel9 +8
- RHSA-2026:87120 Released 2026-10-21 · Red Hat rating CriticalRed Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 Container Release Update
- Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 registry.redhat.io/ansible-automation-platform-26/eda-controller-rhel9, registry.redhat.io/ansible-automation-platform-26/ee-supported-rhel9, registry.redhat.io/ansible-automation-platform-26/gateway-rhel9 +8
- RHSA-2026:85929 Released 2026-10-20 · Red Hat rating Importantpython3.12-urllib3 security update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 9) python3.12-urllib3-1.26.19-3.el9_8.2
- RHSA-2026:84785 Released 2026-10-19 · Red Hat rating CriticalRHTAS 1.4.4 - Release of Model Transparency 1.0.5
- Red Hat Trusted Artifact Signer 1.4 registry.redhat.io/rhtas/model-transparency-rhel9
- RHSA-2026:84577 Released 2026-10-19 · Red Hat rating Importantpython3.14-urllib3 security update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 9) python3.14-urllib3-2.6.3-2.el9_8.6
- RHSA-2026:84578 Released 2026-10-19 · Red Hat rating Importantpython3.14-urllib3 security update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 10) python3.14-urllib3-2.6.3-2.el10_2.6
- RHSA-2026:83121 Released 2026-10-14 · Red Hat rating ImportantRed Hat AI Inference 3.4.6 (rocm)
- Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.4 registry.redhat.io/rhaii/vllm-rocm-rhel9
- RHSA-2026:83120 Released 2026-10-14 · Red Hat rating ImportantRed Hat AI Inference 3.4.6 (cuda)
- Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.4 registry.redhat.io/rhaii/vllm-cuda-rhel9
- RHSA-2026:83116 Released 2026-10-14 · Red Hat rating ImportantRed Hat AI Inference Model Optimization Tools 3.4.6 (cuda)
- Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.4 registry.redhat.io/rhaii/model-opt-cuda-rhel9
- RHSA-2026:83114 Released 2026-10-14 · Red Hat rating ImportantRed Hat AI Inference 3.4.6 (spyre)
- Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.4 registry.redhat.io/rhaii/vllm-spyre-rhel9
- RHSA-2026:83112 Released 2026-10-14 · Red Hat rating ImportantRed Hat AI Inference 3.4.6 (cpu)
- Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.4 registry.redhat.io/rhaii/vllm-cpu-rhel9
- RHSA-2026:82415 Released 2026-10-13 · Red Hat rating CriticalRed Hat AI Inference 3.5.2 (cpu)
- Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.5 registry.redhat.io/rhaii/vllm-cpu-rhel9
- RHSA-2026:82371 Released 2026-10-13 · Red Hat rating CriticalRed Hat AI Inference 3.5.2 (spyre)
- Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.5 registry.redhat.io/rhaii/vllm-spyre-rhel9
- RHSA-2026:82368 Released 2026-10-13 · Red Hat rating CriticalRed Hat AI Inference 3.5.2 (cuda)
- Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.5 registry.redhat.io/rhaii/vllm-cuda-rhel9
- RHSA-2026:82061 Released 2026-10-13 · Red Hat rating CriticalRed Hat AI Inference Tech Preview 3.5.2 (Gaudi)
- Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.5 registry.redhat.io/rhaii/vllm-gaudi-rhel9
- RHSA-2026:82059 Released 2026-10-13 · Red Hat rating CriticalRed Hat AI Inference 3.5.2 (ROCm)
- Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.5 registry.redhat.io/rhaii/vllm-rocm-rhel9
- RHSA-2026:69612 Released 2026-09-21 · Red Hat rating ImportantRed Hat Hardened Images RPMs bug fix and enhancement update
- Red Hat Hardened Images python-urllib3-2.8.0-1.hum1@src, python3-urllib3+brotli-2.8.0-1.hum1@noarch@public-hummingbird-aarch64-rpms, python3-urllib3+brotli-2.8.0-1.hum1@noarch@public-hummingbird-x86_64-rpms +8
Vendor assessments
Red Hat
Red Hat rating: Important. Red Hat's page for this CVE →
| Product | Status | Plan or fix |
|---|---|---|
| Ansible Automation Orchestrator 2026 | Affected | No fix yet |
| Exploit Intelligence | Affected | — |
| Lightspeed Core | Affected | No fix yet |
| Migration Toolkit for Applications 8 | Affected | No fix yet |
| Migration Toolkit for Containers | Affected | No fix yet |
| Migration Toolkit for Virtualization | Affected | No fix yet |
| OpenShift Lightspeed | Affected | No fix yet |
| Red Hat AI Inference Server | Affected | No fix planned: Will not fix |
| Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2 | Affected | No fix yet |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI (RHEL AI) 3 | Affected | No fix yet |
| Red Hat OpenShift AI (RHOAI) | Affected | No fix yet |
| Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4 | Affected | No fix yet |
| Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 5 | Affected | No fix yet |
| Red Hat OpenShift Virtualization 4 | Affected | No fix yet |
| Red Hat OpenStack Platform 17.1 | Affected | No fix yet |
| Red Hat Quay 3 | Affected | No fix yet |
| Red Hat Satellite 6 | Affected | No fix yet |
| Self-service automation portal 2 | Affected | No fix yet |
| Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.4 | Fixed | RHSA-2026:83112, RHSA-2026:83114, RHSA-2026:83116, RHSA-2026:83120, RHSA-2026:83121 |
| Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.5 | Fixed | RHSA-2026:82059, RHSA-2026:82061, RHSA-2026:82368, RHSA-2026:82371, RHSA-2026:82415 |
| Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6 | Fixed | RHSA-2026:87120 |
| Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.7 | Fixed | RHSA-2026:87124 |
| Red Hat Cost Management On-Premise 1 | Fixed | RHSA-2026:95365 |
| Red Hat Discovery 2 | Fixed | RHSA-2026:94802 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI 3.4 | Fixed | RHSA-2026:90432, RHSA-2026:90440 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI 3.5 | Fixed | RHSA-2026:92449, RHSA-2026:92452 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 10) | Fixed | RHSA-2026:84578 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8) | Fixed | RHSA-2026:92474 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 9) | Fixed | RHSA-2026:84577, RHSA-2026:85929 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS (v. 10) | Fixed | RHSA-2026:85930 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS (v. 9) | Fixed | RHSA-2026:90494 |
| Red Hat Hardened Images | Fixed | RHSA-2026:69612 |
| Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.4 | Fixed | RHSA-2026:92510 |
| Red Hat Satellite 6.16 for RHEL 8 | Fixed | RHSA-2026:95655 |
| Red Hat Satellite 6.16 for RHEL 9 | Fixed | RHSA-2026:95655 |
| Red Hat Satellite 6.17 for RHEL 9 | Fixed | RHSA-2026:95656 |
| Red Hat Satellite 6.18 | Fixed | RHSA-2026:92667 |
| Red Hat Satellite 6.18 for RHEL 9 | Fixed | RHSA-2026:95657 |
| Red Hat Satellite 6.19 | Fixed | RHSA-2026:92666 |
| Red Hat Satellite 6.19 for RHEL 9 | Fixed | RHSA-2026:92861 |
| Red Hat Trusted Artifact Signer 1.4 | Fixed | RHSA-2026:84785 |
| Red Hat Trusted Artifact Signer 1.5 | Fixed | RHSA-2026:95267 |
Not affected: 31 products
- Confidential Compute Attestation
- Lightspeed Services for Advanced Cluster Management
- OpenShift Lightspeed
- OpenShift Service Mesh 3
- Pen Drive Powered by Red Hat Lightspeed
- Red Hat AI Inference Server
- Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2
- Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2
- Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6
- Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.7
- Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform Ansible Core 2
- Red Hat Developer Hub 1
- Red Hat Discovery 2
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux command line assistant
- Red Hat Hardened Images
- Red Hat Lightspeed Services for OCP
- Red Hat OpenShift AI (RHOAI)
- Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.4
- Red Hat OpenStack Platform 13 (Queens)
- Red Hat Satellite 6.16 for RHEL 8
- Red Hat Satellite 6.16 for RHEL 9
- Red Hat Satellite 6.17 for RHEL 9
- Red Hat Satellite 6.18 for RHEL 9
- Red Hat Satellite 6.19 for RHEL 9
- Red Hat Update Infrastructure 4 for Cloud Providers
- Red Hat build of Quarkus Native builder
- Service Telemetry Framework 1.5
Timeline
- 2026-10-02 Threatist record created from CVE-2026-97687
- 2026-10-03 Alias added: GHSA-8988-9cw3-xx77
- 2026-10-09 Affected versions changed · Red Hat
- 2026-10-12 Affected versions changed · Red Hat
- 2026-10-13 Fix available: RHSA-2026:82061 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-13 Fix available: RHSA-2026:82059 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-13 Fix available: Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.5 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-13 CVSS score added · NVD
- 2026-10-14 Fix available: RHSA-2026:82368 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-14 Fix available: RHSA-2026:82415 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-14 Fix available: RHSA-2026:82371 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-16 Fix available: RHSA-2026:83112 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-16 Fix available: RHSA-2026:83116 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-16 Fix available: RHSA-2026:83114 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-16 Fix available: RHSA-2026:83120 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-16 Fix available: RHSA-2026:83121 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-16 Fix available: Red Hat AI Inference Server 3.4 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-19 Fix available: RHSA-2026:84578 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-19 Fix available: RHSA-2026:84577 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-19 Fix available: Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 10), Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 9) · Red Hat
- 2026-10-20 Fix available: RHSA-2026:84785 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-20 Fix available: Red Hat Trusted Artifact Signer 1.4 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-20 Fix available: RHSA-2026:85929 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-21 Affected versions changed · Red Hat
- 2026-10-22 Fix available: RHSA-2026:87124 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-22 Fix available: RHSA-2026:87120 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-22 Fix available: Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.6, Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.7 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-23 Affected versions changed · Red Hat
- 2026-10-27 Fix available: Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS (v. 9) · Red Hat
- 2026-10-29 Affected versions changed · Red Hat
- 2026-10-29 Fix available: RHSA-2026:90494 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-29 Fix available: Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI 3.4, Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8) · Red Hat
- 2026-10-30 Fix available: RHSA-2026:92452 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-30 Fix available: RHSA-2026:92449 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-30 Fix available: RHSA-2026:90432 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-30 Fix available: RHSA-2026:90440 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-30 Fix available: RHSA-2026:92474 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-30 Fix available: RHSA-2026:92510 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-30 Fix available: Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI 3.5, Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.4 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-30 Fix available: Red Hat Satellite 6.18, Red Hat Satellite 6.19, Red Hat Satellite 6.19 for RHEL 9 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-31 Fix available: RHSA-2026:92666 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-31 Fix available: RHSA-2026:92667 · Red Hat
- 2026-10-31 Fix available: RHSA-2026:92861 · Red Hat
- 2026-11-02 Fix available: Red Hat Enterprise Linux BaseOS (v. 10) · Red Hat
- 2026-11-03 Fix available: RHSA-2026:85930 · Red Hat
- 2026-11-04 Fix available: RHSA-2026:94802 · Red Hat
- 2026-11-04 Fix available: Red Hat Discovery 2 · Red Hat
- 2026-11-05 Fix available: Red Hat Cost Management On-Premise 1, Red Hat Trusted Artifact Signer 1.5 · Red Hat
- 2026-11-06 Fix available: Red Hat Satellite 6.16 for RHEL 8, Red Hat Satellite 6.16 for RHEL 9, Red Hat Satellite 6.17 for RHEL 9 +1 · Red Hat
- 2026-11-06 Fix available: RHSA-2026:95267 · Red Hat
- 2026-11-06 Fix available: RHSA-2026:95365 · Red Hat
- 2026-11-06 Fix available: RHSA-2026:95656 · Red Hat
- 2026-11-06 Fix available: RHSA-2026:95655 · Red Hat
- 2026-11-06 Fix available: RHSA-2026:95657 · Red Hat
References
Patch 3
Advisory 2
More python-pillow Urllib3 vulnerabilities
- TI-2026-17326 urllib3 vulnerable to decompression-bomb safeguard bypass when following HTTP redirects (streaming API) CVSS 4.0HIGH 8.9
- TI-2018-14221 urllib3 before version 1.23 does not remove the Authorization HTTP header when following… CVSS 3.0CRITICAL 9.8
- TI-2025-40854 urllib3 allows an unbounded number of links in the decompression chain CVSS 4.0HIGH 8.9
- TI-2026-32373 urllib3: Decompression-bomb safeguards bypassed in parts of the streaming API CVSS 4.0HIGH 8.9
- TI-2025-40898 urllib3 Streaming API improperly handles highly compressed data CVSS 4.0HIGH 8.9
- TI-2021-12905 An issue was discovered in urllib3 before 1.26.5. CVSS 3.1HIGH 7.5
Sources
- CVE-2026-97687 · CVE Program
- CVE-2026-97687 · NVD
- FIRST EPSS
- GHSA-8988-9cw3-xx77 · GitHub Advisory Database · CC BY 4.0
- CVE-2026-97687 · Red Hat security data · CC BY 4.0
This product uses the NVD API but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD. Sources and licences