Array index error in the insertItemBefore method in WebKit, as used in Apple Safari…
Key facts
- Attack vector
- Network
- Privileges required
- None
- User interaction
- — Not recorded in CVSS 2.0
- Attack complexity
- Medium
- Impact type
- Code execution
- Confidentiality · integrity · availability
- Complete · Complete · Complete
- Fix status
- Fixed
Attack profile from CVSS 2.0 · NVD. Fix status from CNA and Red Hat. Impact type from CWE-94.
Summary
Array index error in the insertItemBefore method in WebKit, as used in Apple Safari before 3.2.3 and 4 Public Beta, iPhone OS 1.0 through 2.2.1, iPhone OS for iPod touch 1.1 through 2.2.1, Google Chrome Stable before 1.0.154.65, and possibly other products allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a document with a SVGPathList data structure containing a negative index in the (1) SVGTransformList, (2) SVGStringList, (3) SVGNumberList, (4) SVGPathSegList, (5) SVGPointList, or (6) SVGLengthList SVGList object, which triggers memory corruption.
Why it matters now
SSVC decision points
Not available: CISA has not published SSVC decision points for this record.
Affected products
| Vendor | Product | Affected versions | Fixed in | Status | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | — | all versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
- — Vendor— Affected all versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
CPE configurations NVD · 72
| CPE | Versions | Role | Vendor |
|---|---|---|---|
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.4.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.4.11 | Running on | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.5.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.5.0 | Running on | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.5.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.5.1 | Running on | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.5.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.5.2 | Running on | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.5.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.5.3 | Running on | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.5.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.5.4 | Running on | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.5.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.5.5 | Running on | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.5.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.5.6 | Running on | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x_server:10.4.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.4.11 | Running on | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x_server:10.5.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.5.0 | Running on | Apple |
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.4.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.4.11 Running on ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.5.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.5.0 Running on ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.5.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.5.1 Running on ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.5.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.5.2 Running on ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.5.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.5.3 Running on ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.5.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.5.4 Running on ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.5.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.5.5 Running on ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:10.5.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.5.6 Running on ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x_server:10.4.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.4.11 Running on ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x_server:10.5.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.5.0 Running on ·Apple
Show 62 more CPE
| CPE | Versions | Role | Vendor |
|---|---|---|---|
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x_server:10.5.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.5.1 | Running on | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x_server:10.5.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.5.2 | Running on | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x_server:10.5.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.5.3 | Running on | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x_server:10.5.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.5.4 | Running on | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x_server:10.5.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 10.5.6 | Running on | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_vista:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | all versions | Running on | Microsoft |
| cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_xp:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | all versions | Running on | Microsoft |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | up to 3.2.2 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:0.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 0.8 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:0.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 0.9 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.0 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.0:beta:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.0 beta | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.0:beta2:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.0 beta2 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.0.0 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.0.0b1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.0.0b1 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.0.0b2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.0.0b2 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.0.1 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.0.2 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.0.3 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.0.3:85.8:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.0.3 85.8 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.0.3:85.8.1:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.0.3 85.8.1 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.1 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.1.0 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.1.1 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.2 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.2.0 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.2.1 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.2.2 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.2.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.2.3 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.2.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.2.4 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.2.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.2.5 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.3 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.3.0 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.3.1 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.3.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.3.2 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.3.2:312.5:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.3.2 312.5 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.3.2:312.6:*:*:*:*:*:* | 1.3.2 312.6 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 2 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 2.0 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:2.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 2.0.0 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:2.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 2.0.1 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:2.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 2.0.2 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:2.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 2.0.3 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:2.0.3:417.8:*:*:*:*:*:* | 2.0.3 417.8 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:2.0.3:417.9:*:*:*:*:*:* | 2.0.3 417.9 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:2.0.3:417.9.2:*:*:*:*:*:* | 2.0.3 417.9.2 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:2.0.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 2.0.4 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 3 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 3.0 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 3.0.0 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 3.0.1 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 3.0.2 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 3.0.3 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.0.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 3.0.4 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 3.1 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 3.1.0 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 3.1.1 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 3.1.2 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 3.2 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 3.2.0 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 3.2.1 | Vulnerable | Apple |
| cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:4.0:beta:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0 beta | Vulnerable | Apple |
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x_server:10.5.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.5.1 Running on ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x_server:10.5.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.5.2 Running on ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x_server:10.5.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.5.3 Running on ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x_server:10.5.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.5.4 Running on ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x_server:10.5.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.5.6 Running on ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_vista:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions all versions Running on ·Microsoft
- cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows_xp:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions all versions Running on ·Microsoft
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions up to 3.2.2 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:0.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 0.8 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:0.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 0.9 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.0 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.0:beta:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.0 beta Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.0:beta2:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.0 beta2 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.0.0 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.0.0b1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.0.0b1 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.0.0b2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.0.0b2 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.0.1 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.0.2 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.0.3 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.0.3:85.8:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.0.3 85.8 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.0.3:85.8.1:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.0.3 85.8.1 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.1 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.1.0 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.1.1 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.2 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.2.0 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.2.1 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.2.2 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.2.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.2.3 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.2.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.2.4 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.2.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.2.5 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.3 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.3.0 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.3.1 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.3.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.3.2 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.3.2:312.5:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.3.2 312.5 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:1.3.2:312.6:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.3.2 312.6 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 2 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 2.0 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:2.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 2.0.0 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:2.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 2.0.1 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:2.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 2.0.2 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:2.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 2.0.3 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:2.0.3:417.8:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 2.0.3 417.8 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:2.0.3:417.9:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 2.0.3 417.9 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:2.0.3:417.9.2:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 2.0.3 417.9.2 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:2.0.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 2.0.4 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 3 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 3.0 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 3.0.0 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 3.0.1 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 3.0.2 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 3.0.3 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.0.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 3.0.4 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 3.1 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 3.1.0 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 3.1.1 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 3.1.2 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 3.2 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 3.2.0 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:3.2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 3.2.1 Vulnerable ·Apple
- cpe:2.3:a:apple:safari:4.0:beta:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0 beta Vulnerable ·Apple
Remediation
Red Hat 1 advisory
- RHSA-2009:1130 Released 2009-06-25 · Red Hat rating Criticalkdegraphics security update
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop (v. 5 client) kdegraphics-7:3.5.4-13.el5_3, kdegraphics-7:3.5.4-13.el5_3.i386
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop Workstation (v. 5 client) kdegraphics-7:3.5.4-13.el5_3, kdegraphics-devel-7:3.5.4-13.el5_3, kdegraphics-devel-7:3.5.4-13.el5_3.i386
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux Optional Productivity Applications (v. 5 server) kdegraphics-7:3.5.4-13.el5_3, kdegraphics-7:3.5.4-13.el5_3.i386, kdegraphics-devel-7:3.5.4-13.el5_3 +1
Vendor assessments
Red Hat
Red Hat rating: Critical. Red Hat's page for this CVE →
| Product | Status | Plan or fix |
|---|---|---|
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop (v. 5 client) | Fixed | RHSA-2009:1130 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop Workstation (v. 5 client) | Fixed | RHSA-2009:1130 |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux Optional Productivity Applications (v. 5 server) | Fixed | RHSA-2009:1130 |
Timeline
- 2026-10-02 Threatist record created from CVE-2009-0945
- 2026-10-03 Alias added: GHSA-8rhj-8gqw-pxm4
References
Advisory 12
Other 11
- http://support.apple.com/kb/HT3639
- ADV-2009-1621
- http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2009/05/stable-update-bug-fix.html
- ADV-2011-0212
- ADV-2009-1298
- http://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-09-022
- oval:org.mitre.oval:def:11584
- ADV-2009-1297
- http://support.apple.com/kb/HT3550
- ADV-2009-1321
- http://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=9019
More Apple Safari vulnerabilities
- TI-2025-17951 Out-of-bounds write in Apple Safari KEVCVSS 3.1CRITICAL 10.0
- TI-2025-28228 Use after free in Apple Safari KEVCVSS 3.1HIGH 8.8
- TI-2025-22512 Memory corruption in Apple Safari KEVCVSS 3.1HIGH 8.8
- TI-2025-12953 Memory corruption in Google Chrome KEVCVSS 3.1HIGH 8.8
- TI-2025-05957 Improper input validation in Google Chrome KEVCVSS 3.1HIGH 8.8
- TI-2024-29863 Apple Safari: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to arbitrary code… KEVCVSS 3.1HIGH 8.8
Sources
- CVE-2009-0945 · CVE Program
- CVE-2009-0945 · NVD
- FIRST EPSS
- GHSA-8rhj-8gqw-pxm4 · GitHub Advisory Database · CC BY 4.0
- CVE-2009-0945 · Red Hat security data · CC BY 4.0
This product uses the NVD API but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD. Sources and licences