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TI-2019-06952 Aliases CVE-2019-9517GHSA-w6v5-q8c8-52xx

Some HTTP/2 implementations are vulnerable to unconstrained interal data buffering…

Priority MEDIUM 55CWE-400Published · Updated

Key facts

Attack vector
Network
Privileges required
None
User interaction
None
Attack complexity
Low
Impact type
Denial of service
Confidentiality · integrity · availability
None · None · High
Fix status
Partial Red Hat: 14 fixed, 5 without a fix

Attack profile from CVSS 3.1 · NVD. Fix status from CNA and Red Hat. Impact type from CWE-400.

Summary

Some HTTP/2 implementations are vulnerable to unconstrained interal data buffering, potentially leading to a denial of service. The attacker opens the HTTP/2 window so the peer can send without constraint; however, they leave the TCP window closed so the peer cannot actually write (many of) the bytes on the wire. The attacker then sends a stream of requests for a large response object. Depending on how the servers queue the responses, this can consume excess memory, CPU, or both.

Why it matters now

EPSS 0.27004 98th percentileScored 2026-11-07
Fix Partial Red Hat: 13 advisoriesRed Hat: 14 fixed, 5 without a fix

SSVC decision points

Not available: CISA has not published SSVC decision points for this record.

Affected products

VendorProductAffected versionsFixed inStatusSource
——all versions—No fix listedCNA
  • — Vendor— Affected all versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA

CPE configurations NVD · 39

CPEVersionsRoleVendor
cpe:2.3:a:apple:swiftnio:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.0.0 – 1.4.0VulnerableApple
cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*10.12Running onApple
cpe:2.3:o:canonical:ubuntu_linux:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*14.04Running onCanonical
cpe:2.3:a:apache:http_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*2.4.20 to before 2.4.40VulnerableApache
cpe:2.3:a:apache:traffic_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*6.0.0 – 6.2.3; 7.0.0 – 7.1.6; 8.0.0 – 8.0.3VulnerableApache
cpe:2.3:o:canonical:ubuntu_linux:16.04:*:*:*:lts:*:*:*16.04VulnerableCanonical
cpe:2.3:o:canonical:ubuntu_linux:18.04:*:*:*:lts:*:*:*18.04VulnerableCanonical
cpe:2.3:o:canonical:ubuntu_linux:19.04:*:*:*:*:*:*:*19.04VulnerableCanonical
cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:9.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*9.0VulnerableDebian
cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:10.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*10.0VulnerableDebian
  • cpe:2.3:a:apple:swiftnio:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.0.0 – 1.4.0 Vulnerable ·Apple
  • cpe:2.3:o:apple:mac_os_x:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.12 Running on ·Apple
  • cpe:2.3:o:canonical:ubuntu_linux:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 14.04 Running on ·Canonical
  • cpe:2.3:a:apache:http_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 2.4.20 to before 2.4.40 Vulnerable ·Apache
  • cpe:2.3:a:apache:traffic_server:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 6.0.0 – 6.2.3; 7.0.0 – 7.1.6; 8.0.0 – 8.0.3 Vulnerable ·Apache
  • cpe:2.3:o:canonical:ubuntu_linux:16.04:*:*:*:lts:*:*:* Versions 16.04 Vulnerable ·Canonical
  • cpe:2.3:o:canonical:ubuntu_linux:18.04:*:*:*:lts:*:*:* Versions 18.04 Vulnerable ·Canonical
  • cpe:2.3:o:canonical:ubuntu_linux:19.04:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 19.04 Vulnerable ·Canonical
  • cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:9.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 9.0 Vulnerable ·Debian
  • cpe:2.3:o:debian:debian_linux:10.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 10.0 Vulnerable ·Debian
Show 29 more CPE
CPEVersionsRoleVendor
cpe:2.3:a:synology:skynas:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*not specified by NVDVulnerableSynology
cpe:2.3:o:synology:diskstation_manager:6.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*6.2VulnerableSynology
cpe:2.3:o:synology:vs960hd_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*not specified by NVDVulnerableSynology
cpe:2.3:h:synology:vs960hd:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*not specified by NVDRunning onSynology
cpe:2.3:o:fedoraproject:fedora:29:*:*:*:*:*:*:*29VulnerableFedoraproject
cpe:2.3:o:fedoraproject:fedora:30:*:*:*:*:*:*:*30VulnerableFedoraproject
cpe:2.3:o:opensuse:leap:15.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*15.0VulnerableopenSUSE
cpe:2.3:o:opensuse:leap:15.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*15.1VulnerableopenSUSE
cpe:2.3:a:redhat:jboss_core_services:1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.0VulnerableRed Hat
cpe:2.3:a:redhat:jboss_enterprise_application_platform:7.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*7.2.0VulnerableRed Hat
cpe:2.3:a:redhat:jboss_enterprise_application_platform:7.3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*7.3.0VulnerableRed Hat
cpe:2.3:a:redhat:openshift_service_mesh:1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.0VulnerableRed Hat
cpe:2.3:a:redhat:quay:3.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*3.0.0VulnerableRed Hat
cpe:2.3:a:redhat:software_collections:1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*1.0VulnerableRed Hat
cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*8.0VulnerableRed Hat
cpe:2.3:a:oracle:communications_element_manager:8.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*8.0.0VulnerableOracle
cpe:2.3:a:oracle:communications_element_manager:8.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*8.1.0VulnerableOracle
cpe:2.3:a:oracle:communications_element_manager:8.1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*8.1.1VulnerableOracle
cpe:2.3:a:oracle:communications_element_manager:8.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*8.2.0VulnerableOracle
cpe:2.3:a:oracle:graalvm:19.2.0:*:*:*:enterprise:*:*:*19.2.0VulnerableOracle
cpe:2.3:a:oracle:instantis_enterprisetrack:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*17.1 – 17.3VulnerableOracle
cpe:2.3:a:oracle:retail_xstore_point_of_service:7.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*7.1VulnerableOracle
cpe:2.3:a:mcafee:web_gateway:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*7.7.2.0 to before 7.7.2.24; 7.8.2.0 to before 7.8.2.13; 8.1.0 to before 8.2.0VulnerableMcAfee
cpe:2.3:a:netapp:clustered_data_ontap:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*not specified by NVDVulnerableNetApp
cpe:2.3:a:nodejs:node.js:*:*:*:*:-:*:*:*8.0.0 – 8.8.1VulnerableNodeJS
cpe:2.3:a:nodejs:node.js:*:*:*:*:lts:*:*:*8.9.0 to before 8.16.1VulnerableNodeJS
cpe:2.3:a:nodejs:node.js:*:*:*:*:-:*:*:*10.0.0 – 10.12.0VulnerableNodeJS
cpe:2.3:a:nodejs:node.js:*:*:*:*:lts:*:*:*10.13.0 to before 10.16.3VulnerableNodeJS
cpe:2.3:a:nodejs:node.js:*:*:*:*:-:*:*:*12.0.0 to before 12.8.1VulnerableNodeJS
  • cpe:2.3:a:synology:skynas:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Vulnerable ·Synology
  • cpe:2.3:o:synology:diskstation_manager:6.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 6.2 Vulnerable ·Synology
  • cpe:2.3:o:synology:vs960hd_firmware:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Vulnerable ·Synology
  • cpe:2.3:h:synology:vs960hd:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Running on ·Synology
  • cpe:2.3:o:fedoraproject:fedora:29:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 29 Vulnerable ·Fedoraproject
  • cpe:2.3:o:fedoraproject:fedora:30:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 30 Vulnerable ·Fedoraproject
  • cpe:2.3:o:opensuse:leap:15.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 15.0 Vulnerable ·openSUSE
  • cpe:2.3:o:opensuse:leap:15.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 15.1 Vulnerable ·openSUSE
  • cpe:2.3:a:redhat:jboss_core_services:1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.0 Vulnerable ·Red Hat
  • cpe:2.3:a:redhat:jboss_enterprise_application_platform:7.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 7.2.0 Vulnerable ·Red Hat
  • cpe:2.3:a:redhat:jboss_enterprise_application_platform:7.3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 7.3.0 Vulnerable ·Red Hat
  • cpe:2.3:a:redhat:openshift_service_mesh:1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.0 Vulnerable ·Red Hat
  • cpe:2.3:a:redhat:quay:3.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 3.0.0 Vulnerable ·Red Hat
  • cpe:2.3:a:redhat:software_collections:1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 1.0 Vulnerable ·Red Hat
  • cpe:2.3:o:redhat:enterprise_linux:8.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 8.0 Vulnerable ·Red Hat
  • cpe:2.3:a:oracle:communications_element_manager:8.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 8.0.0 Vulnerable ·Oracle
  • cpe:2.3:a:oracle:communications_element_manager:8.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 8.1.0 Vulnerable ·Oracle
  • cpe:2.3:a:oracle:communications_element_manager:8.1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 8.1.1 Vulnerable ·Oracle
  • cpe:2.3:a:oracle:communications_element_manager:8.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 8.2.0 Vulnerable ·Oracle
  • cpe:2.3:a:oracle:graalvm:19.2.0:*:*:*:enterprise:*:*:* Versions 19.2.0 Vulnerable ·Oracle
  • cpe:2.3:a:oracle:instantis_enterprisetrack:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 17.1 – 17.3 Vulnerable ·Oracle
  • cpe:2.3:a:oracle:retail_xstore_point_of_service:7.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 7.1 Vulnerable ·Oracle
  • cpe:2.3:a:mcafee:web_gateway:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 7.7.2.0 to before 7.7.2.24; 7.8.2.0 to before 7.8.2.13; 8.1.0 to before 8.2.0 Vulnerable ·McAfee
  • cpe:2.3:a:netapp:clustered_data_ontap:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions not specified by NVD Vulnerable ·NetApp
  • cpe:2.3:a:nodejs:node.js:*:*:*:*:-:*:*:* Versions 8.0.0 – 8.8.1 Vulnerable ·NodeJS
  • cpe:2.3:a:nodejs:node.js:*:*:*:*:lts:*:*:* Versions 8.9.0 to before 8.16.1 Vulnerable ·NodeJS
  • cpe:2.3:a:nodejs:node.js:*:*:*:*:-:*:*:* Versions 10.0.0 – 10.12.0 Vulnerable ·NodeJS
  • cpe:2.3:a:nodejs:node.js:*:*:*:*:lts:*:*:* Versions 10.13.0 to before 10.16.3 Vulnerable ·NodeJS
  • cpe:2.3:a:nodejs:node.js:*:*:*:*:-:*:*:* Versions 12.0.0 to before 12.8.1 Vulnerable ·NodeJS

Remediation

Red Hat 13 advisories

  • RHSA-2020:1445 Released 2020-04-14 · Red Hat rating Important
    Red Hat AMQ Broker 7.4.3 release and security update
    • Red Hat AMQ 7.4.3
  • RHSA-2020:0983 Released 2020-03-26 · Red Hat rating Important
    Red Hat Fuse 7.6.0 security update
    • Red Hat Fuse 7.6.0
  • RHSA-2020:0922 Released 2020-03-23 · Red Hat rating Important
    Red Hat AMQ Broker 7.6 release and security update
    • Red Hat AMQ
Show 10 more Red Hat advisories
  • RHSA-2019:3932 Released 2019-11-20 · Red Hat rating Important
    Red Hat JBoss Core Services Apache HTTP Server 2.4.37 Security Release on RHEL 6
    • Red Hat JBoss Core Services on RHEL 6 Server jbcs-httpd24-apr-1.6.3-63.jbcs.el6, jbcs-httpd24-apr-devel-1.6.3-63.jbcs.el6, jbcs-httpd24-apr-util-1.6.1-48.jbcs.el6 +37
  • RHSA-2019:3933 Released 2019-11-20 · Red Hat rating Important
    Red Hat JBoss Core Services Apache HTTP Server 2.4.37 Security Release on RHEL 7
    • Red Hat JBoss Core Services on RHEL 7 Server jbcs-httpd24-apr-1.6.3-63.jbcs.el7, jbcs-httpd24-apr-devel-1.6.3-63.jbcs.el7, jbcs-httpd24-apr-util-1.6.1-48.jbcs.el7 +37
  • RHSA-2019:3935 Released 2019-11-20 · Red Hat rating Important
    Red Hat JBoss Core Services Apache HTTP Server 2.4.37 Security Release
    • Red Hat JBoss Core Services
  • RHSA-2019:2955 Released 2019-10-02 · Red Hat rating Important
    rh-nodejs8-nodejs security update
    • Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7) rh-nodejs8-3.0-5.el7, rh-nodejs8-nodejs-8.16.1-2.el7, rh-nodejs8-nodejs-devel-8.16.1-2.el7 +4
    • Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.5) rh-nodejs8-3.0-5.el7, rh-nodejs8-nodejs-8.16.1-2.el7, rh-nodejs8-nodejs-devel-8.16.1-2.el7 +4
    • Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.6) rh-nodejs8-3.0-5.el7, rh-nodejs8-nodejs-8.16.1-2.el7, rh-nodejs8-nodejs-devel-8.16.1-2.el7 +4
    • Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.7) rh-nodejs8-3.0-5.el7, rh-nodejs8-nodejs-8.16.1-2.el7, rh-nodejs8-nodejs-devel-8.16.1-2.el7 +4
    • Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7) rh-nodejs8-3.0-5.el7, rh-nodejs8-nodejs-8.16.1-2.el7, rh-nodejs8-nodejs-devel-8.16.1-2.el7 +4
  • RHSA-2019:2949 Released 2019-10-01 · Red Hat rating Important
    httpd24-httpd and httpd24-nghttp2 security update
    • Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 6) httpd24-httpd-2.4.34-8.el6.1, httpd24-httpd-devel-2.4.34-8.el6.1, httpd24-httpd-manual-2.4.34-8.el6.1 +8
    • Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7) httpd24-httpd-2.4.34-8.el7.1, httpd24-httpd-devel-2.4.34-8.el7.1, httpd24-httpd-manual-2.4.34-8.el7.1 +9
    • Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.5) httpd24-httpd-2.4.34-8.el7.1, httpd24-httpd-devel-2.4.34-8.el7.1, httpd24-httpd-manual-2.4.34-8.el7.1 +9
    • Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.6) httpd24-httpd-2.4.34-8.el7.1, httpd24-httpd-devel-2.4.34-8.el7.1, httpd24-httpd-manual-2.4.34-8.el7.1 +9
    • Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.7) httpd24-httpd-2.4.34-8.el7.1, httpd24-httpd-devel-2.4.34-8.el7.1, httpd24-httpd-manual-2.4.34-8.el7.1 +9
    • Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 6) httpd24-httpd-2.4.34-8.el6.1, httpd24-httpd-devel-2.4.34-8.el6.1, httpd24-httpd-manual-2.4.34-8.el6.1 +8
    • Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7) httpd24-httpd-2.4.34-8.el7.1, httpd24-httpd-devel-2.4.34-8.el7.1, httpd24-httpd-manual-2.4.34-8.el7.1 +9
  • RHSA-2019:2946 Released 2019-10-01 · Red Hat rating Important
    Red Hat JBoss Core Services Apache HTTP Server 2.4.29 SP3 security update
    • Red Hat JBoss Core Services on RHEL 6 Server jbcs-httpd24-httpd-2.4.29-41.jbcs.el6, jbcs-httpd24-httpd-devel-2.4.29-41.jbcs.el6, jbcs-httpd24-httpd-manual-2.4.29-41.jbcs.el6 +8
    • Red Hat JBoss Core Services on RHEL 7 Server jbcs-httpd24-httpd-2.4.29-41.jbcs.el7, jbcs-httpd24-httpd-devel-2.4.29-41.jbcs.el7, jbcs-httpd24-httpd-manual-2.4.29-41.jbcs.el7 +8
  • RHSA-2019:2950 Released 2019-10-01 · Red Hat rating Important
    Red Hat JBoss Core Services Apache HTTP Server 2.4.29 SP3 security update
    • Red Hat JBoss Core Services
  • RHSA-2019:2939 Released 2019-10-01 · Red Hat rating Important
    rh-nodejs10-nodejs security update
    • Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7) rh-nodejs10-3.2-3.el7, rh-nodejs10-nodejs-10.16.3-3.el7, rh-nodejs10-nodejs-devel-10.16.3-3.el7 +4
    • Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.5) rh-nodejs10-3.2-3.el7, rh-nodejs10-nodejs-10.16.3-3.el7, rh-nodejs10-nodejs-devel-10.16.3-3.el7 +4
    • Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.6) rh-nodejs10-3.2-3.el7, rh-nodejs10-nodejs-10.16.3-3.el7, rh-nodejs10-nodejs-devel-10.16.3-3.el7 +4
    • Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.7) rh-nodejs10-3.2-3.el7, rh-nodejs10-nodejs-10.16.3-3.el7, rh-nodejs10-nodejs-devel-10.16.3-3.el7 +4
    • Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7) rh-nodejs10-3.2-3.el7, rh-nodejs10-nodejs-10.16.3-3.el7, rh-nodejs10-nodejs-devel-10.16.3-3.el7 +4
  • RHSA-2019:2925 Released 2019-09-30 · Red Hat rating Important
    nodejs:10 security update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8) nodejs-1:10.16.3-2.module+el8.0.0+4214+49953fda.aarch64::nodejs:10, nodejs-1:10.16.3-2.module+el8.0.0+4214+49953fda.ppc64le::nodejs:10, nodejs-1:10.16.3-2.module+el8.0.0+4214+49953fda.s390x::nodejs:10 +15
  • RHSA-2019:2893 Released 2019-09-24 · Red Hat rating Important
    httpd:2.4 security update
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8) httpd-2.4.37-12.module+el8.0.0+4096+eb40e6da.aarch64::httpd:2.4, httpd-2.4.37-12.module+el8.0.0+4096+eb40e6da.ppc64le::httpd:2.4, httpd-2.4.37-12.module+el8.0.0+4096+eb40e6da.s390x::httpd:2.4 +37

Vendor assessments

Red Hat

Red Hat rating: Important. Red Hat's page for this CVE →

ProductStatusPlan or fix
Red Hat AMQ Broker 7AffectedNo fix yet
Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 7AffectedNo fix yet
Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Web Server 3AffectedNo fix planned: Out of support scope
Red Hat JBoss Fuse 6AffectedNo fix planned: Out of support scope
Red Hat OpenShift Application RuntimesAffectedNo fix planned: Out of support scope
Red Hat AMQFixed RHSA-2020:0922
Red Hat AMQ 7.4.3Fixed RHSA-2020:1445
Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8)Fixed RHSA-2019:2893, RHSA-2019:2925
Red Hat Fuse 7.6.0Fixed RHSA-2020:0983
Red Hat JBoss Core ServicesFixed RHSA-2019:2950
Red Hat JBoss Core Services on RHEL 6 ServerFixed RHSA-2019:2946, RHSA-2019:3932
Red Hat JBoss Core Services on RHEL 7 ServerFixed RHSA-2019:2946, RHSA-2019:3933
Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 6)Fixed RHSA-2019:2949
Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7)Fixed RHSA-2019:2939, RHSA-2019:2949, RHSA-2019:2955
Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.5)Fixed RHSA-2019:2939, RHSA-2019:2949, RHSA-2019:2955
Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.6)Fixed RHSA-2019:2939, RHSA-2019:2949, RHSA-2019:2955
Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server EUS (v. 7.7)Fixed RHSA-2019:2939, RHSA-2019:2949, RHSA-2019:2955
Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 6)Fixed RHSA-2019:2949
Red Hat Software Collections for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 7)Fixed RHSA-2019:2939, RHSA-2019:2949, RHSA-2019:2955
Not affected: 15 products
  • CloudForms Management Engine 5
  • Red Hat Ansible Tower 3
  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8
  • Red Hat JBoss Data Grid 7
  • Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 6
  • Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5
  • Red Hat OpenShift Application Runtimes
  • Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 3.10
  • Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 3.11
  • Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 3.9
  • Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4
  • Red Hat Process Automation 7
  • Red Hat Quay 3
  • Red Hat Single Sign-On 7
  • Red Hat Software Collections

Timeline

  1. 2026-10-02 Threatist record created from CVE-2019-9517
  2. 2026-10-03 Alias added: GHSA-w6v5-q8c8-52xx

References

Other 15

Sources