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TI-2026-39457 Aliases CVE-2026-54626

SAIL: Heap out-of-bounds write in SAIL TGA decoder (indexed-RLE bpp/stride mismatch)

Priority HIGH 82CWE-122Published · Updated

Key facts

Attack vector
Network
Privileges required
None
User interaction
None
Attack complexity
Low
Impact type
Code execution
Confidentiality · integrity · availability
High · High · High
Fix status
Fixed

Attack profile from CVSS 3.1 · CNA. Fix status from CNA. Impact type from CWE-122 and the CVSS impact.

Summary

SAIL is a cross-platform library for loading and saving images with support for animation, metadata, and ICC profiles. In 0.9.10 and earlier, the TGA_INDEXED_RLE path selected by image_type == 9 allocates an image buffer using the one-byte-per-pixel SAIL_PIXEL_FORMAT_BPP8_INDEXED format returned by tga_private_sail_pixel_format() in src/sail-codecs/tga/helpers.c, while sail_codec_load_frame_v8_tga() in src/sail-codecs/tga/tga.c derives a two-to-four-byte pixel_size from an attacker-controlled header bpp value from 9 through 32. Loading a crafted color-mapped run-length-encoded TGA through sail_load_from_file() or sail_load_from_memory() therefore writes attacker-controlled bytes beyond the heap pixel buffer. The pixel-count clamp added for CVE-2026-40494 does not constrain the per-pixel write width, so this issue is an incomplete fix of that vulnerability and can cause heap corruption, a reliable crash, or potential code execution. This issue is fixed in version 1.0.0.

Why it matters now

Exploitation Proof of concept CISA SSVC · not in CISA KEV
EPSS 0.00775 56th percentileScored 2026-11-07
Fix Fixed sail (HappySeaFox): 1.0.0

SSVC decision points

CISA ADP · SSVC 2.0.3

Exploitation
Poc
Automatable
Yes
Technical impact
Total

The decision (Track, Attend, Act) also depends on your mission and well-being impact; see CISA's SSVC guide.

Affected products

VendorProductAffected versionsFixed inStatusSource
HappySeaFoxsailbefore 1.0.01.0.0Patch availableCNA
  • sail VendorHappySeaFox Affected before 1.0.0 Fixed in 1.0.0 Patch available CNA

Remediation

  • Fix · CNA sail (HappySeaFox) Fixed in 1.0.0

Timeline

  1. 2026-10-02 Threatist record created from CVE-2026-54626

References

Other 3

  • TI-2026-39458 SAIL: Heap out-of-bounds write in SAIL PSD decoder (Bitmap mode ignores depth) CVSS 3.1CRITICAL 9.8
  • TI-2026-29245 SAIL has heap buffer overflow in TGA RLE decoder — raw packet path missing bounds check CVSS 3.1CRITICAL 9.8
  • TI-2026-29244 SAIL has heap buffer overflow in PSD decoder — bpp mismatch in LAB 16-bit mode CVSS 3.1CRITICAL 9.8
  • TI-2026-29243 SAIL has heap buffer overflow in XWD decoder — bits_per_pixel vs pixmap_depth type confusion in byte-swap CVSS 3.1CRITICAL 9.8
  • TI-2026-39513 SAIL: XBM X10 decoder writes 2 bytes per literal into a 1-byte-per-literal buffer (heap out-of-bounds write) CVSS 3.1HIGH 7.8
  • TI-2026-81986 Division by zero in SAIL WebP decoder on malformed animated files CVSS 4.0MEDIUM 4.8

Sources

This product uses the NVD API but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD. Sources and licences