An issue was discovered in cookie encryption in phpMyAdmin.
Key facts
- Attack vector
- Network
- Privileges required
- None
- User interaction
- None
- Attack complexity
- High
- Impact type
- Information disclosure
- Confidentiality · integrity · availability
- High · High · High
- Fix status
- No fix listed
Attack profile from CVSS 3.0 · NVD. Fix status from CNA. Impact type from CWE-200.
Summary
An issue was discovered in cookie encryption in phpMyAdmin. The decryption of the username/password is vulnerable to a padding oracle attack. This can allow an attacker who has access to a user's browser cookie file to decrypt the username and password. Furthermore, the same initialization vector (IV) is used to hash the username and password stored in the phpMyAdmin cookie. If a user has the same password as their username, an attacker who examines the browser cookie can see that they are the same - but the attacker can not directly decode these values from the cookie as it is still hashed. All 4.6.x versions (prior to 4.6.4), 4.4.x versions (prior to 4.4.15.8), and 4.0.x versions (prior to 4.0.10.17) are affected.
Why it matters now
SSVC decision points
Not available: CISA has not published SSVC decision points for this record.
Affected products
| Vendor | Product | Affected versions | Fixed in | Status | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | — | all versions | — | No fix listed | CNA |
- — Vendor— Affected all versions Fixed in — No fix listed CNA
CPE configurations NVD · 60
| CPE | Versions | Role | Vendor |
|---|---|---|---|
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.0 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.1 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.1.1 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.2 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.3 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.4 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.5 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.6 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.6.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.6.1 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.7 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.0 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.1 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.1.1 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.2 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.3 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.4 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.5 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.6 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.6.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.6.1 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.7 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
Show 50 more CPE
| CPE | Versions | Role | Vendor |
|---|---|---|---|
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.8 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.9 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.10 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.11 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.12 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.13 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.13.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.13.1 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.14 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.14.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.14.1 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.15 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.15.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.15.1 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.15.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.15.2 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.15.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.15.3 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.15.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.15.4 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.15.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.15.5 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.15.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.15.6 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.15.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.4.15.7 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.0 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.1 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.2 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.3 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.4 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.4.1 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.4.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.4.2 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.5 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.6 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.7 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.8 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.9 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.10 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.10.1 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.10.2 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.10.3 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.10.4 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.10.5 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.10.6 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.10.7 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.10.8 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.10.9 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.10.10 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.10.11 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.10.12 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.10.13 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.10.14 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.10.15 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.0.10.16 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.6.0 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.6.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.6.1 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.6.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.6.2 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
| cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.6.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* | 4.6.3 | Vulnerable | phpMyAdmin |
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.8 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.9 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.10 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.11 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.12 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.13 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.13.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.13.1 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.14 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.14.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.14.1 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.15 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.15.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.15.1 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.15.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.15.2 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.15.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.15.3 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.15.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.15.4 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.15.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.15.5 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.15.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.15.6 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.4.15.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.4.15.7 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.0 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.1 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.2 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.3 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.4 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.4.1 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.4.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.4.2 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.5 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.6 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.7 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.8 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.9 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.10 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.10.1 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.10.2 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.10.3 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.10.4 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.10.5 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.10.6 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.10.7 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.10.8 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.10.9 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.10.10 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.10.11 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.10.12 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.13:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.10.13 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.14:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.10.14 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.15:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.10.15 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.0.10.16:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.0.10.16 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.6.0 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.6.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.6.1 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.6.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.6.2 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
- cpe:2.3:a:phpmyadmin:phpmyadmin:4.6.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* Versions 4.6.3 Vulnerable ·phpMyAdmin
Remediation
No fixed version listed by the sources yet.
Vendor assessments
Timeline
- 2026-10-02 Threatist record created from CVE-2016-6606
- 2026-10-03 Alias added: GHSA-8pvh-2357-g3c2
References
More Phpmyadmin vulnerabilities
- TI-2009-01092 Static code injection vulnerability in setup.php in phpMyAdmin 2.11.x before 2.11.9.5 and… KEVCVSS 3.1CRITICAL 9.8
- TI-2018-09056 An issue was discovered in phpMyAdmin 4.8.x before 4.8.2, in which an attacker can… CVSS 3.1HIGH 8.8
- TI-2020-14341 SQL Injection vulnerability in function getTableCreationQuery in CreateAddField.php in… CVSS 3.1CRITICAL 9.8
- TI-2016-04978 phpMyAdmin 4.0.x before 4.0.10.16, 4.4.x before 4.4.15.7, and 4.6.x before 4.6.3 does not… CVSS 3.0CRITICAL 9.8
- TI-2020-16362 An issue was discovered in SearchController in phpMyAdmin before 4.9.6 and 5.x before… CVSS 3.1CRITICAL 9.8
- TI-2012-04350 phpMyAdmin 3.5.2.2, as distributed by the cdnetworks-kr-1 mirror during an unspecified… CVSS 2.0HIGH 7.5
Sources
- CVE-2016-6606 · CVE Program
- CVE-2016-6606 · NVD
- FIRST EPSS
- GHSA-8pvh-2357-g3c2 · GitHub Advisory Database · CC BY 4.0
- CVE-2016-6606 · Red Hat security data · CC BY 4.0
This product uses the NVD API but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD. Sources and licences